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MEMORY Chapter 9

MEMORY Chapter 9. Gabby Hopeful Doc Wheezy Scaredy Sleepy Happy Stubby Puffy Pop Dopey Bashful Sniffy Lazy Wishful Shorty Sloppy Droopy Teach Grumpy Smiley Clumsy Bob Cheerful Jumpy Puffy Sneezy Shy. Happy. Sneezy. Dopey. Doc. Bashful. Grumpy. Sleepy.

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MEMORY Chapter 9

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  1. MEMORYChapter 9

  2. Gabby Hopeful Doc Wheezy Scaredy Sleepy Happy Stubby Puffy Pop Dopey Bashful Sniffy Lazy Wishful Shorty Sloppy Droopy Teach Grumpy Smiley Clumsy Bob Cheerful Jumpy Puffy Sneezy Shy

  3. Happy Sneezy Dopey Doc Bashful Grumpy Sleepy two D’s, two S’s & three Emotions Doc, Dopey, Sleepy, Sneezy, Grumpy, Happy & Bashful

  4. The Phenomenon of Memory Memory is any indication that learning has persisted over time. It is our ability to encode, store and retrieve information. The Persistence of Memory – Salvador Dalí, 1931

  5. Interesting Memory Phenomena • Flashbulb (Episodic) Memory = clear, strong, persistent memory usually caused by a unique/highly emotional moment. • Not free from errors, however

  6. Interesting Memory Phenomena • Eidetic (Photographic) Memory – the research is mixed as to whether this is a real phenomenon or not Daniel Tammet (Brain Man) - Synesthesia Kim Peek – the real “Rain Man” http://abcnews.go.com/2020/video/brain-man-explains-synaesthesia-10765484

  7. Basic Tasks of Memory Monitor (Retrieval) Disk (Storage) Keyboard (Encoding)

  8. Information Processing The Atkinson-Schiffrinthree-stage model of memory includes a) sensory memory,b) short-term memory, and c) long-term memory.

  9. Atkinson-Shiffrin Three-Stage Processing Model Sensory memory has 2 parts: • Iconic store = visual information • Echoic store = sound information Since we cannot focus all the sensory information in the environment, we select information that is important to us (through selective attention).

  10. Working Memory

  11. Encoding: Getting Information In How We Encode Some information (route to your school) is automatically processed. However, new or unusual information (friend’s new cell-phone number) requires attention and effort.

  12. Automatic/Parallel Processing We process an enormous amount of information effortlessly, such as the following: Space: While reading a textbook, you automatically encode the place of a picture on a page. Time: We unintentionally note the events that take place in a day. Frequency: You effortlessly keep track of things that happen to you.

  13. Effortful/Serial Processing Committing novel information to memory requires effort just like learning a concept from a textbook. Such processing leads to durable and accessible memories.

  14. Rehearsal Effortful learning usually requires rehearsal (conscious repetition). Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables: TUV YOF GEK XOZ Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)

  15. Rehearsal The more times the nonsense syllables were practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions were required to remember them on Day 2.

  16. Memory Effects • Next-in-line-Effect: When you are so anxious about being next that you cannot remember what the person just before you in line says, but you can recall what other people around you say. • Spacing Effect: We retain information better when we rehearse over time. This is why long-term studying is better than cramming!!! • Serial Position Effect: When your recall is better for first and last items on a list, but poor for middle items.

  17. Spacing Effect Distributing rehearsal (spacing effect) is better than practicing all at once. Robert Frost’s poem could be memorized with fair ease if spread over time. ACQUAINTED WITH THE NIGHT Robert Frost I have been one acquainted with the night.I have walked out in rain — and back in rain.I have outwalked the furthest city light.

  18. TUV • ZOF • GEK • WAV • XOZ • TIK • FUT • WIB • SAR • POZ • REY • GIJ Better recall Poor recall Better recall Serial Position Effect

  19. Encoding Meaning “Whale” Q: Did the word begin with a capital letter? Structural Encoding Shallow Q: Did the word rhyme with the word “weight”? Phonemic Encoding Intermediate Q: Would the word fit in the sentence? He met a __________ in the street. Semantic Encoding Deep

  20. Results We tend to remember things better and easier when we attach relevance and meaning of that information to ourselves.

  21. Visual Encoding Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it.

  22. Mnemonics Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids. Mnemonic techniques use vivid imagery in aiding memory. Method of Loci = using visual place cues (either real or imagined) to help remember topics.

  23. Organizing Information for Encoding Break down complex information into broad concepts and further subdivide them into categories and subcategories. • Chunking • Hierarchy

  24. Chunking Organizing items into a familiar, manageable unit. Try to remember the numbers below. 1-7-7-6-1-4-9-2-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1 If you are well versed with American history, chunk the numbers together and see if you can recall them better. 1776 1492 1812 1941.

  25. Chunking Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it. HOMES = Huron, Ontario, Michigan,Erie, Superior PEMDAS = Parentheses, Exponent, Multiply, Divide, Add, Subtract ROY G. BIV = Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet

  26. Hierarchy Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories. (Which is why I took notes in outline form when I was a student).

  27. Storage: Retaining Information Storage is at the heart of memory. Three stores of memory are shown below: Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Encoding Events Encoding Retrieval Retrieval

  28. Sensory Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Encoding Events Encoding Retrieval Retrieval

  29. 80 60 Percent Recognized 40 20 0.15 0.30 0.50 1.00 Time (Seconds) Sensory Memory The exposure time for the stimulus is so small that items cannot be rehearsed. R G TF M QL Z S The longer the delay, the greater the memory loss.

  30. Iconic 0.5 sec. long Echoic 3-4 sec. long Hepatic < 1 sec. long Sensory Memories The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses.

  31. Working Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Encoding Events Encoding Retrieval Retrieval

  32. Working Capacity Working memory, the new name for short-term memory, has a limited capacity (7±2) and a short duration (~20 seconds). Ready? M U T G I K T L R S Y P You should be able to recall 7±2 letters.

  33. Chunking F-B-I-T-W-A-C-I-A-I-B-M The capacity of the working memory may be increased by “chunking.” FBI TWA CIA IBM 4 chunks

  34. Long-Term Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Encoding Events Encoding Retrieval Retrieval

  35. Long-Term Memory Unlimited capacity store. Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1,000,000 billion bits of information AP Psych Rocks! WOW! The Clark’s nutcracker can locate 6,000 caches of buried pine seeds during winter and spring.

  36. Memory Feats

  37. Memory Stores

  38. Stress Hormones & Memory Heightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memories of specific events. However, continued stress may disrupt memory (which is another reason why cramming the night before doesn’t really work).

  39. Storing Implicit & Explicit Memories Explicit Memory (declarative memory-conscious)refers to facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare. Implicit memory (procedural memory-unconscious) involves learning an action while the individual does not know or declare what she knows.

  40. Hippocampus Hippocampus – a neural center in the limbic system is the site of temporary processing of explicit memories.

  41. Anterograde Amnesia After losing his hippocampus in surgery, the patient remembered everything before the operation but cannot make new memories. We call this anterograde amnesia. Anterograde Amnesia - old memory intact but loss of new memories No New Memories Memory Intact Surgery Retrograde Amnesia = can form new memories but loss of old memories occurs

  42. Cerebellum Cerebellum – a neural center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories.

  43. Retrieval: Getting Information Out Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store.

  44. Measures of Memory In recognition, the person must identify an item amongst other choices (a multiple-choice test requires recognition). • Name the capital of France. • Brussels • Rome • London • Paris

  45. Measures of Memory In recall,the person must retrieve information using effort (a fill-in-the blank test requires recall). • The capital of • France is ______.

  46. Measures of Memory In relearning,the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when learning material for the second time. List Jet Dagger Tree Kite … Silk Frog Ring List Jet Dagger Tree Kite … Silk Frog Ring Relearning Trials Original Trials 1 day later Saving X 100 Relearning Trials 10 5 X 100 10 50% It took 10 trials to learn this list It took 5 trials to learn the list

  47. Retrieval Cues Memories are held in storage by a web of associations. These associations are like anchors that help retrieve memory. water smell hose Fire Truck fire smoke truck heat red

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