Brain Starter: January 19 th

1. Brain Starter: January 19th Preview: • Name the religion founded in Japan. • This religion believes that everything has a ___________. Review: 3. Name the large empire closest to Japan. 4. Name the moral, belief system popular founded in China. 5. Name a religion that was popular in China for a while (not the same answer as #4 above).

2. Shinto • Textbook page 222 • Comp Book (page after Japan Study Guide) • Title = Japanese Shinto Religion • Shinto religion – began in Japan • Shinto beliefs = all plants, animals, people, rocks, rivers, waterfalls, have spirits. • Kami = the name of the nature spirits • Japanese leaders would worship at holy places to please the spirits and protect Japan. (example = Mongol attack story) • Kamikaze • Read page 226

3. JAPAN Shogun Ran Japan’s government during the Feudal time period Emperor Held all power in the Nara period Kyoto Capital city during Heian period Shinto Traditional religion in Japan Capital city of Japan during the Nara period Nara Daimyo Ruled smaller sections of land during the Feudal period Heian Period in Japan when they developed their own unique culture Samurai Warriors during Japan’s Feudal time Zenbuddhism A form of Buddhism popular among the samurai

4. Japan in the 1500s is locked in a century of decentralized power and incessant warfare among competing feudal lords, a period known as the "Sengoku," or "Country at War" (1467-1573). These are the final years of Japan's medieval period (1185-1600) just prior to the reunification of Japan and the establishment of order and peace under the Tokugawa shoguns (1600-1868). Within this context of feudal civil war of the 1500s, Japanese pirates are active in the trade along the China coast — an alternative to the official relations between China and Japan where trading privileges are awarded to the Japanese in return for tribute acknowledging the ascendancy of the Chinese emperor. Castles are built by medieval lords (daimyo) for defense throughout the period of civil war and their size increases following the introduction of firearms into Japan by the Portuguese in 1543.

5. In 1543 the Portuguese traders reach Japan (are actually shipwrecked there) and are soon followed by the Jesuit missionary order (established in 1540) in the person of St. Francis Xavier who arrives in Japan in 1549. The Jesuits work among the daimyo of the samurai class and are initially well received by leading daimyo, including Nobunaga and Hideyoshi, two daimyo crucial to the reunification of Japan by 1600.

6. The reunification of Japan is accomplished by three strong daimyo who succeed each other: Oda Nobunaga (1543-1582), Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598), and finally Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616) who establishes the Tokugawa Shogunate, that governs for more than 250 years, following the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600.

7. The reunification of Japan under the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1600 brings with it an emphasis on the reestablishment of order — in social, political, and international relations — following a century of civil war and turmoil. Aware of the political and religious domination of the Philippines since the Spanish colonized the country in 1565, the Japanese political leaders are suspicious of the Dominican and Franciscan missionaries that arrive in Japan from the Philippines and work among the non-samurai classes. The Japanese daimyo move to curtail missionary activity beginning in the 1590s.

8. Within a century of the arrival of the Portuguese in Japan in 1543, they are followed by the Dutch and British who have battled to break the Portuguese and then Spanish control of the Asian spice trade. The East India companies established by the Dutch and British, respectively, become active in the early 1600s; the Dutch (1609) and the British (1613) establish trading relations with the Japanese with bases on a Japanese island.

9. In an effort to reestablish order in its international relations, however, the Tokugawa Shogunate prohibits trade with Western nations, prohibits Japanese from going abroad to trade and reaffirms Japan's official relations with China and Korea within the East Asian international structure. Following the "Act of Seclusion" (1636) setting forth these conditions, Japan is effectively "secluded" from interchange with Western Europe (but not with East Asia) for the next 200 years. Only the Dutch retain a small outpost on an island in Nagasaki Harbor. Within East Asia, trade continues with the Koreans and Chinese, and exchange of goods and ideas with China is maintained. The East Asian political order, with China at the center, is reinforced.

10. The Mirror Game • Raise right hand • Raise left hand • Touch right ear • Touch nose • Raise both hands • Comb hair with right hand • Make imaginary circle with left hand. • Touch left ear • Touch left shoulder • Lift right knee • Touch left ear • Touch chin with right hand • Touch right cheek with left hand

11. Textbook and Comp Book • Textbook page 222 • Comp Book Title: “The Nara Period and Buddhism” • Read “Prince Shotoku” and “The Nara Period” pg 223 • Notes:

12. Japan’s History Prior to 7th century (600s) Japan was ruled by individual clans. The clan leader practiced Shinto to protect clan.

13. The Nara Period: Adapting Chinese Ideas • Nara period – A time period in Japan from 700-794 heavily influenced by Chinese civilization and culture.  Capital city was located in Nara. The capital city of Nara. Designed just like China’s capital city.

14. Cultural Diffusion Reaches Japan Buddhism Buddhism Buddhism Buddhism

15. Cultural Diffusion Reaches Japan Buddhism Buddhism Confucianism Buddhism Buddhism

16. Writing: Applying Chinese Characters to Japanese • Writing is borrowed from China. • Ancient Japanese is not a written language. • Japan learns to write in Chinese characters. • Then, Japanese adapt Chinese writing to their own language. • Kanji, or ‘Chinese writing’. Characters based on Chinese characters. • Difficult to write some Japanese words and ideas in kanji. • Kana, or ‘borrowed letters’. Kana represent syllables in Japanese. • Kana lets people spell out Japanese words in writing.

17. Literature: Adapting Chinese Poetic Forms • Earliest written Japanese literature from 7th and 8th centuries. • Poets write in Japanese, using Chinese characters. • Develop a form of poetry called a tanka, based on songs from Japan’s oral tradition. • 31 syllables • Five lines of 5, 7, 5, 7, 7 syllables. A tanka by Fujiwara no Shunzei 1114 – 1204 To one who rarely comes here The wind through the pines Sounds sad at night time. Does she hear it always Beneath the moss?

18. Sculpture • Earliest Japanese sculptures are clay, probably meant to accompany or protect the dead. • Buddhist sculpture: • First Buddhist sculptures in Japan made by Chinese and Korean craftsmen. • Japanese craftsmen learn technique from them, and develop their own style. • Wood is commonly used for sculpture in Japan.

19. Architecture • Buddhists also bring new styles of architecture to Japan. • Japanese architects borrow the pagoda style from China. • Shrines and temples are built all over Japan. • Pagodas have 3, 5, 7 or 9 layers of roof. • Shinto shrines are also built in this style.

20. Music: Adopting New Music and Instruments • Native Japanese music is chanted, using just a few notes. • War songs • Folk songs • Shinto prayers • Later on, the Japanese began to import musical styles and instruments from China. These included: • Gagaku, a kind of music popular at the Chinese court. • The sheng, which the Japanese call a sho. This is a type of mouth organ made of bamboo sections. It is supposed to sound like the call of a phoenix.

21. China’s influence in the Nara Period China China’s culture in Japan • All powerful emperor • Confucianism • Buddhism • Writing • Architecture • Poetry • Musical Styles and instruments • All powerful emperor • Confucianism • Buddhism + Shinto • Writing • Architecture • Poetry • Musical Styles and instruments • Buddhism + Shinto

22. Two Religions Coexist • Buddhism does not replace Shinto. • Instead, the two religions both continue, and even blend with each other. • Each religion satisfies different needs for worshippers. • A saying: “Born Shinto, die Buddhist.” • Weddings and birth ceremonies tend to be Shinto. • Funerals tend to be Buddhist.

23. Buddhism + Shinto • Japanese people practiced both Shinto and Buddhism • Many worshipped at Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples • Each religion met different needs. • Shinto was for their daily life. • Buddhism was for their afterlife. • Shinto rituals in wedding ceremonies, births, etc.. • Buddhist funerals.

24. Conclusion 1. Why is nature so important to the followers of Japanese Shinto? • A. The ancient Japanese emperors of the past always respected nature. • B. Followers of Shinto believe everything in nature has a spirit. • C. The Mongols brought this belief to Japan. • D. Nature is beautiful and must be protected.

25. Conclusion 2. How might a follower of Shinto in Japan interpret a tragic earthquake? • The nature spirit (kami) must be angry with Japan. • They should have been better prepared for nature is unpredictable. • They would have expected it, since man’s primary job is to protect himself from nature. • They would expect the kami to give Japan a great harvest in return for the tragic earthquake.

26. Conclusion Japan was influenced by Korea and China because • They are all near each other • they once all had the same rulers • through the Chinese and Koreans fighting on Japanese land

27. Conclusion The idea of nature being sacred (special or holy) with spirits belongs to which religion? • Buddhism • Hinduism • Islam • Shinto

28. Conclusion • Which of the following is the traditional religion of Japan? • Shinto • Buddhism •  Christianity • Islam

29. Conclusion • Do you agree with the following sentence and why? Most Japanese practiced both Shinto and Buddhism. • Yes, the Japanese believe that all of their needs can be met by practicing both. • Yes, but only because Shinto does not talk about nature. • No, if you practice Buddhism you cannot practice anything else. •  No, Shinto does not allow its followers to practice another religion.

30. Conclusion • (7.27) A difference between the religions of Buddhism and Shinto is that Shinto: • believes in the afterlife for good behavior • connects man to nature and their homeland • is practiced by martial arts • came to Japan from China

31. Conclusion • (7.29) Which of the following describes Japan during the Nara period? • Japan was heavily influenced by China: an all powerful emperor, officials were appointed by the emperor to help him govern smaller districts • Japan was ruled by shoguns and samurais protected the nobles and fought for more land. • Mongols captured Japan during the Nara period and ruled for almost 90 years.