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The World Energy Challenge: A Very Brief Overview

Explore the importance of fossil fuels, their depletion, and the environmental challenges they pose. Learn about global energy consumption and the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on climate change.

francesjjohnson
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The World Energy Challenge: A Very Brief Overview

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  1. The World Energy Challenge: A Very Brief Overview Engr 10

  2. With your neighbor discuss • What are fossil fuels? • Why are they important? • Are they renewable? • Approx. what % of world energy use is fossil fuels?

  3. What do you already know? Approximately what % of world energy use is fossil fuels? • 20% • 50% • 65% • 85% • 98%

  4. COAL #2 Other #4 Natural Gas #3 OIL #1 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018

  5. http://www.columbia.edu/~mhs119/EnergyConsump/

  6. http://www.columbia.edu/~mhs119/EnergyConsump/

  7. U.S. Energy Consumption by Fuel

  8. World Energy Consumption Projections 10% to 15% consumption from renewables EiA: ANNUAL ENERGY OUTLOOK 2019

  9. World Energy Production by Fuel .Adapted from IEA (2017)

  10. Total Energy Production by Region https://yearbook.enerdata.net/total-energy/world-consumption-statistics.html

  11. World Electricity Generation by Fuel Type

  12. Oil billion At our current rate of usage, these reserves would last 42 years. http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9023769&contentId=7044915

  13. 2013 Oil billion At our current rate of usage, these reserves would last 53 years! 229.6 42.1 147.8 808.5 329.6 130.3 Source of reserves data: World Energy Resources 2013 Survey, World Energy Council.

  14. Proven Oil Reserves (2017) BP's 2018 Statistical Review of World Energy report

  15. Crude Oil Production by Region https://yearbook.enerdata.net/total-energy/world-consumption-statistics.html

  16. US remains largest producer of oil and natural gas https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=36292

  17. Today’s Oil Prices (/bbl) http://www.oil-price.net/

  18. What have you heard about the Keystone pipeline? Meclee: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keystone-pipeline-route.png

  19. What do you already know? Which country is the #1 source of oil imports for the U.S.? • Russia • Saudi Arabia • Canada • Mexico • Venezuela

  20. 3 out of 4 Americans think that the U.S. imports the majority of its oil from the Middle East, but it is only a quarter of U.S. oil imports. 60% of the oil that Americans use is produced in the U.S.

  21. https://seekingalpha.com/article/3282985-crude-oil-whats-with-those-canadian-imports-ehhttps://seekingalpha.com/article/3282985-crude-oil-whats-with-those-canadian-imports-eh

  22. U.S. Oil Imports (1985 to 2018) Source: EIA

  23. Proven Gas Reserves (2017) BP's 2018 Statistical Review of World Energy report

  24. The Amazing Rise in U.S. Proven Natural Gas Reserves

  25. FRACKING BBC News, 27 Jun 2013

  26. Proven Coal Reserves (2017) BP's 2018 Statistical Review of World Energy report

  27. Fossil Fuel Depletion Good News • Continually finding new fossil fuel deposits • Many known, but untapped deposits Bad News • Fossil fuels will not last forever. • Even before they run out, as demand grows and availability shrinks, prices will skyrocket.

  28. Fossil Fuel Challenges Non-renewable Depleting resources Increasing demand Is that all? http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Gulf_Offshore_Platform.jpg

  29. Air Pollution Burning fossil fuels causes air pollution from waste products • Particulates: small bits of burned fuel, causing smog • Ozone: nitrogen oxide & other gases react to create ozone near the earth’s surface • Sulfur dioxide: causing acid rain • Carbon monoxide: displaces O2 in blood, deprives brain, heart, etc. of O2

  30. Fossil Fuel Extraction Causes Environmental Damage • Adverse environmental effects due to drilling, leakages, and spills include • Surface and ground water pollution • Drilling fluid (called mud) releases • Land subsidence • Land and wildlife disruption • Oil spills http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2387 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oiled_bird_3.jpg http://www.masstech.org/cleanenergy/important/envother.htm

  31. Clean Air Act – We’re getting better! • Clean Air Act - resulted in significant improvements in the U.S. • Pollution 20 cars today = 1 car from 1960’s • Emissions reduced: CO by 33%, sulfur dioxide by 38%, volatile organic compounds by 42%, particulate matter by 75%, lead by 98% • Overall air pollution reduction approximately 48% • Hot spots of bad air pollution still exist http://www.dispatchesfromchina.com/2010/06/pass_the_mask.html

  32. It’s Not All Good News Many developing countries do not yet have strict pollution regulations in place, and pollution is significantly worse than in the U.S. Mumbai Beijing London Baku, Azerbaijan http://blog.sustainablog.org/do-cities-located-by-the-water-have-a-sustainability-advantage/

  33. Global Warming • The theory behind global warming - an increase in certain gases will cause more heat to be reflected, increasing the atmosphere’s temperature. • Burning of fossil fuels produces significant amounts of these greenhouse gases • Conclusions of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a group of 1,300 scientific experts from many countries: • Greater than 90% chance that human activities over the past 250 years have warmed our planet

  34. Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse glass • Allows short wavelength radiation from the sun • Reflects the long wavelength radiation inside • Trapping heat inside https://globalgreening.wordpress.com/2010/01/13/

  35. http://see-the-sea.org/topics/pollution/air/green-house/greenhouse_effect.htmhttp://see-the-sea.org/topics/pollution/air/green-house/greenhouse_effect.htm Greenhouse gases have this same effect, causing our world to be warm.

  36. Can You Name The Main Greenhouse Gases?

  37. GHGs in Atmosphere • Water Vapor (H2O) • 36%-72% • Carbon Dioxide (CO2) • Methane (CH4) • Fluorocarbons (CFCs) • Ozone (O3) • Nitrous Oxide (N2O) http://nlc-echs-groupthree.co.uk/greenhousegasses.aspx

  38. Correlation Between CO2 and Temperature http://www.climatechoices.org.uk/pages/cchange3.htm

  39. Correlation Between CO2 and Temperature Marian Koshland Science Museum of the National Academy of Sciences: Global Warming Facts and Our Futures, originally provided to that site by Kurt Cuffey, University of California, Berkely.

  40. A climate model that includes both natural processes and human activities closely matches actual measurements of 20th-century temperatures http://www.koshland-science-museum.org/exhibitgcc/historical06.jsp The same climate model without human activity (natural processes only) does not match the strong warming observed during the past few decades.

  41. Why So Much Disagreement? • Predicted temperature increases tend to be within (or close to within) the uncertainty of computer models. • Many causes interact, making it difficult to say with certainty what causes what. Computer models must be simplified significantly and cannot take all interacting parameters into account.

  42. Climate Modeling

  43. https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/2232-climate-modelshttps://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/2232-climate-models

  44. Petition Project • About 32,000 American scientists (9000+ with PhDs) signed a petition saying that no scientific evidence exists that man-made GHG emissions have had a significant effect on Earth’s temperature. • Here are several figures from a published paper that this project references. http://www.petitionproject.org/review_article.php

  45. Petition Project, cont. http://www.petitionproject.org/review_article.php

  46. More Data…. Created by Cuffy and Clow in 1997, and based on Greenland ice core records, this chart shows global temperatures for the past 15,000 years.

  47. So, Who’s Right?? • Many of your professors have strong opinions on this matter, you should do the research to form an informed opinion of your own. • Here are two links, on either side of the issue, to get started. Both links refer to scientific data and make clear, reasoned arguments • http://climate.nasa.gov/ • http://www.petitionproject.org/gw_article/Review_Article_HTML.php

  48. Your Opinion • Based on what you know today, do you believe that man-made global warming is occurring? • Yes • No

  49. Your Opinion Over the next 30 years, which of the following do you think will be the most important solution to the energy crisis? • Energy conservation • Increased drilling for fossil fuels • Alternative energy sources

  50. Possible Solutions to the Energy Crisis • More drilling for/excavation of fossil fuels • Invest in technologies to improve efficiency and reduce emissions from the burning of fossil fuels • The best energy source - conservation! • In the long term, we may need to make significant lifestyle changes as the world energy demand grows. • Invest in alternative energy sources Engineers will be needed for all of these solutions!

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