Understanding Controllers in Process Control Systems

Controllers play a crucial role in closed-loop systems by measuring process variables, comparing them to set points, and taking corrective actions. This content discusses the types of controllers, including on-off and continuous controllers such as proportional, derivative, integral, and PID controllers. It explains how each controller type manipulates error signals to control the final element in the system. The proportional controller, the simplest type, multiplies the error signal by a constant factor (Kc) to generate the output signal. The proportional band (P.B%) is also defined to determine the range of error values that move the final control element from minimum to maximum values. An example is provided to illustrate how to calculate the controller gain (Kc) and proportional band percentage (P.B%) based on a given temperature control scenario.

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