Keystone Species

1. Keystone Species • A keystone species is a species that has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance plays a critical role in maintaining the structure of an ecological community, affecting many other organisms in an ecosystem and helping to determine the types and numbers of various other species in the community.

2. Names for the structure of an arch….The Keystone

3. Keystone Species Sea Otter • In the 1700-1800s, on the coast of California, the sea otter was hunted for its sleek, beautiful fur. It was also killed by fishermen who thought they were eating too many of the fish they wanted to catch. The sea otter were hunted almost to extinction.

4. Sea Otter Game Fish Sea Urchin Kelp

5. The sea otter, sea Urchin & the Kelp • fishermen began to see changes in the ecosystem. • Sea otters are one of the few animals that can eat sea urchins. • the sea urchin population grew very quickly they ate up all the kelp beds.

6. Kelp beds • The kelp beds are very important to many fish as a place to have their young.

7. The sea otter, sea Urchin & the Kelp

8. The sea otter, sea Urchin & the Kelp • This set off a chain reaction. With the otters gone and the sea urchins numbers growing quickly, the kelp beds began to disappear. Then the fish, with no safe place to spawn, began to disappear. In just a few years, the fishermen noticed that the fish were suddenly gone.

9. How Does It Affect Us   • Killing off the sea otter had the opposite effect they had hoped. They didn’t know the sea otter actually helped protect the fish populations by eating sea urchins. The sea otter is a keystone species for its ecosystem.

10. What Has Been Done to Fix It   • In 1911, a treaty was passed to protected the sea otters from hunting. This was called the International Fur Seal Treaty. In some areas the sea otters came back. The sea urchins in those areas were brought back into control. Their kelp beds recovered and the fish population came back too. This is an example of how a keystone species is interconnected with a whole ecosystem

11. Sea Otters as keystone species

12. The American alligator was once thought to be an annoying pest. They showed up in people's pools and golf courses and ate game fish that people liked to catch. So the American Alligator was hunted without limit until it became an endangered species, on the verge of extinction.

13. As the alligators disappeared, so did all those game fish that they liked to catch. • the alligators' favorite food, a large fish called a gar, had had a population explosion with no alligators to keep their numbers down. • Can you guess what gar like to eat? They like to eat many kinds of game fish. So, with no alligators to keep their numbers down, there were too many gar gobbling up all the fish.

14. Then the alligator was put on the endangered species list in 1967 and protected from hunting. • Over time, their numbers began to recover and the gar populations came under control. • The ecological balance returned to the ecosystem.

15. As a keystone species, black-tailed prairie dogs impact the prairie ecosystem in multiple ways: • Their burrows act as homes to other creatures, including burrowing owls, badgers, rabbits, black-footed ferrets, snakes, salamanders, and insects. • Their burrowing activity works to loosen and churn up the soil, increasing its ability to sustain plant life. • Their foraging and feeding practices enable a more nutritious, diverse and nitrogen-rich mixture of grasses and forbs (broad-leafed vegetation) to grow.

16. The enriched vegetation attracts an amazing array of wildlife who graze in their colonies. • Black-tailed prairie dogs play an integral role in the prairie food chain; they are a critical food source for such animals as the endangered black-footed ferret, swift fox, coyotes, hawks, eagles and badgers.