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Advancing Neutrino Research at CERN: The ICARUS Project

Explore how ICARUS competes with T2K and NOvA in neutrino research, leveraging beam energy and optics for enhanced event reconstruction and sensitivity. Discover the advantages of using Liquid Argon over Water and Scintillator detectors. Dive into the innovative off-axis concept and beam intensity optimization at the CERN-GranSasso baseline. Unveil the latest developments in low-energy optics and background rejection techniques to maximize signal acceptance and sensitivity in neutrino detection.

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Advancing Neutrino Research at CERN: The ICARUS Project

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  1. CNGS-2 Paola Sala, INFN Milano For the ICARUS collaboration Paola Sala

  2. Can we compete with T2K and NOvA? • Baseline is the same as NOνA  good energy range for event reconstruction (.. And we do not needd to redo all sensitivity/degeneracy… plots) • Beam energy is 3 times NUMI and 8 times K2K ; meson production scales almost linearly with beam energy: what matters is beam power , not protons on target AND • LAr performs better than Water and Scintillator • CERN accelerator complex and teams : super! Paola Sala

  3. Beam energy scaling Comparison of  ande event rates with the same optics, same off-axis position, for • 400 GeV/c proton beam • 120 GeV/c proton beam The ratio between event rates at 400 and 120 GeV primary energy (plotted) is around 2.5 in the region of interest (1-3GeV neutrino) Paola Sala

  4. Contents • The Off-axis concept (short!) • Off-axis with the present CNGS layout • Off-axis with an improved beam optics • Beam intensity For the CERN-GranSasso baseline : 732 km With the present CNGS beam momentum: 400 GeV/c Paola Sala

  5. Off-Axis Similar for K decay For an on-axis beam : E νμ= 0.43 Eπ Going to an angle θ : NOT for νe, that come from 3-body decay Paola Sala

  6. Optimum conditions At the CERN-GranSasso Baseline Assuming Δm223=2.5 10-3 eV2 • Oscillation max 1.5 GeV • 9< θ < 16 mrad  6-12 km off-axis Dependence of the  flux at angle θ on the parent pion energy: ( =Eπ/mπ) • Optics should focus low energy π • Intrinsic e background is also focused Paola Sala

  7. CNGS layout 800m 100m 1000m 26m 67m vacuum 10 s 50ms Proton beam from SPS, 400 GeV/c 2 fast extractions every 6 s Nominal intensity 2.4 1013 protons/extraction Nominal integrated intensity 4.5 1019 p.o.t./year in shared mode Paola Sala

  8. CNGS on-axis Paola Sala

  9. Standard CNGS Off-axis High energy , broad band optics Best efficiency around 7 km  broad peak, bad match of oscillation shape Paola Sala

  10. Towards a low energy optics • Low focus needs larger acceptance Emission angle vs. momentum for mesons produced in a 1m long C target by 400 GeV/c p pT=300 MeV/c Paola Sala

  11. CNGS target and target revolver Graphite 13 rods , spaced 4 or 5 mm diameter total length 2m C length  130 cm FOR LOW FOCUS: 1 m without spaces Paola Sala

  12. CNGS target/horn positioning Target – horn Distance : 120 cm (from end of last C bar) target horn TBID ( Target Beam Instrumentation Downstream) : User for alignment, can be replaced by already existent “BLM” ionization detectors Paola Sala

  13. Low energy optics Optimization in progress Preliminary layout: • Target • 1m long, graphite • No spaces • horn • NUMI-ME – like ( 3m long) • 200kA current, • at 20cm from target end • Reflector: • same position and outer dimensions as the CNGS one, • inner conductor redesigned for 15GeV focus, • 200kA current Paola Sala

  14. Off-axis with low energy optics Paola Sala

  15. Sensitivity vs. off-axis distance Event rates vs. Off-axis distance Energy limits : to optimize sensitivity Signal acceptance  90% Paola Sala

  16. Background rejection • Full simulation study • ( for an on-axis low energy beam) • Neutral Current background: • π0misidentification as electron • Suppressed by • - Topology, (  conversion far from vertex) • Reconstruction of the π0mass • electron/ photon separation based on dE/dx difference • Residual misidentification <0.1% • Electron identification efficiency = 90% •  NC background negligible with respect to intrinsic e Paola Sala

  17. Background rejection II • Distribution of dE/dx averaged over the first 2cm of • Electron tracks (green histo) • Photon from π0 decay (black histo) At 1 GeV. Low dE/dx in photon tracks comes mainly from Compton scattering events. Paola Sala

  18. Beam intensity • LAr/ other detectors : at least factor 3 in efficiency due to background reduction • Energy scaling • NOvA (numi) 6.5x1020 pot/y @ 120 GeV  < 1020 pot/y for ModuLAr • T2K 10x1020pot/y @ 50 GeV  < 1020 pot/y for ModuLAr Paola Sala

  19. Beam Intensity -II • Present CNGS : 4.5 1019 pot/y BUT: • Shared mode (fixed target experiments) • Assumed 55% efficiency for the accelerator complex • Intensity : 4.8 1013 pot/pulse • Period : 6 s • 1.4 1020 pot/y for 200 days 100% efficiency dedicated operation • order 1020pot/y is achievable without upgrades • Rates in the MODULAr proposal calculated for 1.2 1020pot/y Paola Sala

  20. Rates for 5 years, 20 kt and 1.2 1020 pot /year. Oscillation with sin2(213)=0.1. The upper integration limit, Elim, has been chosen to get the best sensitivity, S/√(bg). Paola Sala

  21. Further intensity upgrades • A further improvement of the CNGS beam performance could be envisaged increasing the proton beam intensity delivered to CNGS by the PS/SPS accelerator complex. 2 1020 pot/y are a realistic goal. • Further investigation are needed on possible limiting factors in the CNGS secondary beam line: • Target: the present target has been designed for a limiting intensity of 7.5 p/pulse ( vs 4.8 nominal). Thickness increase and beam spot widening will improve resistance (presently : 2-2.5 mm radius, 0.5 mm  beam spot.) • Hornheating : dominated by current, not by beam • Ventilation ? But equipments are in auxiliary tunnel, not in beam chamber… • Shielding ? Paola Sala

  22. Sensitivity to 13 GLoBES calculation 5% systematics 15% resolution Δm223=2.5 103eV2 Normal mass hierarchy CNGS low energy optics 20 kton 5 years 1.2 1020 pot/y 4.3 1020 pot/y Paola Sala

  23. T600 as control detector • There is no near detector at CNGS , however: • ICARUS T600 will be operational on-axis • Monte Carlo simulations provide e/ with few % systematics ( checked at WANF) • The on –off axis transformation is straightforward • A large fraction (60%) of off-axis e comes from π decay • On –axis,  can be measured in the 2<E <12 GeV interval, where the systematic error from oscillation parameters knowledge will be  2% This range accounts for 90 % of off-axis , and is an almost direct measurement of π generated intrinsic e background (60% of the total e ) • Off-axis, the K+ peak in the  spectrum is located above 10 GeV, where there is NO π contribution. This is an almost direct measurement of the K+ generatedintrinsic e background (24% of the total e ) Paola Sala

  24.  fluxes On Axis Off-axis Off-axiseflux  3000 CC events In MODULAr 5 y 1.2 1020 pot/y  3000 CC events In T600, 5 y 1.2 1020 pot/y Paola Sala

  25. Beam monitoring Beam monitoring at CNGS : • Particle multiplicity at target ( TBID+ ionization chambers ) • Muon monitors after beam dump optimized for an high energy optics Even with low energy focusing, There is a 50% excess of high energy muons over the non-focused beam These can be deyected at muon pit 1 Paola Sala

  26. Conclusions • The synergy between the CNGS beam and the LAr TPC technology is a bonus for 13 searches. • Assuming an off-axis 20 kton detector at 7-10 km from LNGS, the beam upgrades needed to compete with the next generation of LongBaseLine experiments are • New, low-energy, optics : target/horn/reflector modifications - mostly within the present external dimensions • Increase of the integrated beam intensity • without accelerator upgrades, “efficiency only” : the sensitivity is already better than the NOvA and T2K ones • With accelerator upgrades : the sensitivity scales approximately with the square root of integrated pot .. Paola Sala

  27. Black : out of target • Red : within 5mrad out of horn Paola Sala

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