Evolution of Computers and Mainframes in the 20th Century

1. 各型電腦之簡介 Joseph Y-W. Deng ywdeng@mail.knu.edu.tw

2. Vacuum Tube 真空管

3. Mainframe: IBM 360 • Until the early 1960's, every computer model was generally designed independently, and sometimes individual machines were custom modified for a particular customer. IBM changed this forever, when they announced the IBM-360 family of computers in April 1964. • Some pictures here

4. PDP (Programmable Data Processor) • In 1957, Ken Olson and Harlan Anderson founded Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) • DEC's first computer, the PDP-1, sold for only $120,000 at a time when other computers sold for over $1,000,000. • PDP-8 1965 $18,500 12-bit. Where UNIX was born.

5. PDP-11

6. Micro, Midrange, and Mainframe • Three basic size of computers • The boundaries between these categories of computers are shifting

7. Requirements Definition and Computer Size • The deciding factor is not the size of a firm but its structure • Number of users (simultaneous access) • Size of data • Centralized v.s. distributed

8. Microcomputers • Single-chip central processing unit (CPU) • VLSI technology • Microprocessor • Personal Computer (PC) • Low-cost • DOS, Windows • Workstation • Networked Computers • UNIX • Notebook computers

9. Motorola 6502 (Apple II) 680x0 (Macintosh) IBM + Motorola PowerPC (Power Mac) Intel 8086, 8088, 80186 (IBM PC, PC XT) 80286, 80386, 80486 (PC AT) Pentium (586) Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium !!!, Pentium 4 (686) PC Evolutions

10. Moore's Law • Dr. Gordon E. Moore • Co-founder and chairman emeritus of Intel Corporation • The number of transistors per integrated circuit would double every 18 months • So does the computing power of microprocessors

13. IBM Compaq Dell Hewlett-Packard (HP) Unisys Texas Instruments Gateway Apple Computer, Inc. NEC Hitachi Toshiba Seiko Epson Fujitsu Acer ASUS LEMEL LEO TATUNG PC Vendors

14. Apple Computer • Steve Jobs • Apple ][ • The First Personal Computer • Macintosh • Power Mac, iMac, iBook • iPod

15. Apple II

16. iMac G5

17. iPod mini

18. Workstation Vendors • Sun Microsystems • Hewlett-Packard Company (HP) • International Business Machines (IBM) • Silicon Graphics, Inc. (SGI) • Compaq

19. Sun Microsystems • SUN: Stanford University Network • CPU • ULTRASPARC, AMD Operon • OS • SunOS, Solaris • Features • Scientific computing • Network servers • Products • Sun Blade • Java Workstation

20. Hewlett-Packard • CPU • PA-RISC, Pentium 4, Itanium (IA64) • OS • HP-UX, Windows, Linux • Features • Engineering computing • Business computing • Products • b, c, j, x, i-series

21. IBM • CPU • PowerPC, Pentium !!!, Pentium 4 • OS • AIX, Linux, Windows • Features • Business computing • Products • IntelliStation • RS/6000

22. SGI • CPU • MIPS, Itanium • OS • IRIX, Linux • Features • Graphics • Products • Fuel, O2, Octane2

23. Compaq • Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) • CPU • Intel Pentium 4, Alpha • OS • Windows, Tru64 UNIX,Open VMS, Linux • Features • Computing ? • Products • Evo, AlphaStation

24. Midrange Computers • When microcomputers do not have enough capacity and a mainframe is too complex … • Server Computers

25. Server Computers • High-end CPU • Multi-processor • Huge RAM • Fast network • SCSI disks • Rack mounted • High availability • RAID Disk arrays • Hot-swap devices

26. Mainframe Computers • Mainframe are needed when • All employees are centralized located (10,000+ employees)

27. IBM Mainframes • zSeries 800, 900, 990, 890 • S/390 G5/G6, Multiprice 3000

28. IBM zSeries 990

29. Sun Mainframes • Sun Fire E25K • up to 72 UltraSPARC IV processors • supports over 1/2 TB of memory per domain • Price: • S: $752,085 • M: $1,721,085 • L: $3,218,085

30. HP Mainframe • HP Superdome

31. Fujitsu Mainframe • Fujitsu GlobalServer

32. Electronic Storage Devices • Floppy disk drive • ZIP, 100MB~750MB • Fixed disk drive (hard disk) • Disk array (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disk) • Tape drive (Cartridge, QIC, DAT) • MO • CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD

33. Monitors • CRT • LCD • Plasma

34. Dot-matrix printer Laser printer Ink-jet printer Thermal-transfer printer Thermal-wax-transfer printer Thermal-dye-transfer printer Solid-ink (solid-wax) Electrothermal printer Line printers Page printers Printers

35. Plotters • Ink-jet plotters • Electrostatic plotters

36. Scanners • Flatbed scanners • Hand held scanners • DPI: dot per inch • OCR • Optical Character Recognition • Barcode Reader

37. Mice and Other Graphics Pointers • Mice, mouse • Light pen • Touch screen display • Joystick • Track ball • Touchpad • Pointing stick

38. Telecommunication Equipment • Modem (Modulator/Demodulator) • LAN (Local Area Network) • Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet • Token-ring • Token bus • FDDI

39. Network Topologies • Bus • Star • Ring • Mesh • Tree

40. Cables and Other Eletromechanical Components • Coaxial cable • Twist-pair cable • CAT 3 • CAT 5 • Optical Fiber • Single mode (yellow) • Multi-mode (orange)

41. Devices for the Disabled • Braille printers • Print readers • Talking terminals • Voice-activated terminals • Phone line with telecommunications devices • Audio input

42. Factors in Selecting Hardware • Select software first • The role of operating systems in hardware selection • Hardware reliability and service reputation • Manufacturer’s stability • Hardware expandability