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Stuttering defined

Stuttering defined. Fluency: Starkweather (1986) defined stuttering along four parameters. 1. continuity 2. rate 3. rhythm 4. effort. Disfluency defined. Core behaviors Secondary behaviors Feelings and attitudes. Core behaviors. Repetitions Whole word repetitions (WWR)

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Stuttering defined

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  1. Stuttering defined Fluency: Starkweather (1986) defined stuttering along four parameters. 1. continuity 2. rate 3. rhythm 4. effort

  2. Disfluency defined • Core behaviors • Secondary behaviors • Feelings and attitudes

  3. Core behaviors • Repetitions • Whole word repetitions (WWR) • Part word repetitions (PWR) • Phrase repetitions

  4. Core behaviors • Prolongations • Vowel prolongations • Consonant prolongations

  5. Core behaviors • Blocks • Broken words • abnormal pauses within words, usually between syllables • tend to last less than 5 seconds • Tense pauses • abnormally long pauses between words, sound caused by tension in the larynx is evident • tend to last less than 5 seconds

  6. Secondary behaviors • Escape behaviors • Physical concommitants • Avoidance behaviors • Starters • Circumlocutions • Situation avoidances • Word/sound avoidances

  7. Feelings and attitudes • Progresses from indifferent and unaware to fear, embarrassment and shame

  8. Bloodstein’s 4 phases of onset and development • Phase 1: • Episodic nature, especially when excited • Repetitions are most common core behavior • No secondary behaviors • No negative feelings/attitudes • 2-6 years

  9. Bloodstein Phase 2 • Stuttering is predictable • Stuttering is consistent • Escape behaviors emerge • Child views self as stutterer and views speaking as difficult • Elementary school age

  10. Bloodstein Phase 3 • Most common core behavior is prolongations • Child uses circumlocutions and substitution avoidances as well as escape behaviors • Embarrassment and shame • 8 years to adulthood

  11. Bloodstein Phase 4 • Most common cores are prolongations and blocks • Avoids words and situations • Fears speaking in many situations • 8 - adulthood

  12. What causes it? • Theories of organic base • Muscles of tongue (ivory forks) • Cerebral dominance theory • Theories of learning • Diagnosogenic theory (W. Johnson) • Operant conditioning • Psychological theories • Freudian-based theories • Current theories • Covert repair theory – reaction to flawed phonetic plan • Demands and capacities model – environmental demands exceed the child’s physical and language abilities

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