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第三章:溶液中的化学平衡

第三章:溶液中的化学平衡. 第五节 实际体系中的多重平衡.

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第三章:溶液中的化学平衡

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  1. 第三章:溶液中的化学平衡 第五节 实际体系中的多重平衡

  2. 3-17某溶液中含Zn2+、Cd2+两种离子,其浓度分别为C(Zn2+) = 2.93×10-5 mol•dm-3,C(Cd2+) = 1.40×10-6 mol•dm-3。向该溶液中不断通入H2S,使溶液中H2S保持饱和(H2S的饱和浓度为0.10 mol•dm-3)。已知KSP(ZnS)=2.93×10-25, KSP(CdS)=1.40×10-29。试问若需将溶液中Zn2+浓度降至2.93×10-10 mol•dm-3,则溶液的pH值最低应控制多少?在该pH下溶液中残留的Cd2+离子浓度为多少?   H2S ZnS Zn2+ + S2- [S2-] = Ksp,ZnS/ [Zn2+] = 2.93×10-25 / 2.93×10-10 = 1.00 ×10-15 H2S 2H+ + S2- 0.1 x 1.00 ×10-15 (平衡) Ka,H2S = ————— H2S 2H+ + S2- C(Zn2+) = 2.93×10-5 mol•dm-3 C(Cd2+) = 1.40×10-6 mol•dm-3 [H+]2[S2-] [H2S] CdS Cd2+ + S2- [Cd2+] = Ksp,CdS / [S2-]

  3. 例 3-18在体积为1.0 dm3,浓度为6.0 mol•dm-3的NH3水中,加入0.1mol的CuSO4,形成铜铵配离子[Cu(NH3)4]2+溶液(假定加入CuSO4引起的体积变化可忽略不计)。试问,向该溶液中加入含IO-3或S-2离子的溶液,能否产生Cu(IO3)2或CuS沉淀析出? 解: Cu2+ + 4 NH3 = Cu(NH3)42+ 起始浓度 mol/L 0.1 6.0 0 平衡浓度mol/L x 6.0-4(0.1-x)  5.6 0.1-x  0.1 K稳= —————— [Cu2+] = —————— [Cu(NH3)42+] [NH3 ]4[Cu2+] [Cu(NH3)42+] [NH3 ]4 K稳 Cu(IO3)2 Cu2+ + 2 IO3- [IO3- ]= Ksp Cu(IO3)2 / [Cu2+] =1.2 ×105 CuS Cu2+ + S2-[S2-]= Ksp,CdS / [Cu2+] =2.61 ×10-19

  4. 3-22试设计一实验,利用Cu2+/Cu电极的标准电极电位 E (Cu2+/Cu) = 0.34 V ,及Cu(NH)2+4配离子的生成常数β(Cu(NH3)42+) = 1013.32,求算Cu(NH)4+2 /Cu电极的标准电极电位E (Cu(NH)4+2 /Cu)之值。   1.0 mol/L 解: Cu(NH3)42+ + 2e= Cu +4 NH3 1.0 mol/L 什么是E  (Cu(NH)4+2 /Cu)? —— 所有参与电极反应的物质,浓度为标准浓度(1.0 mol/L) Cu2+ + 4 NH3 = Cu(NH3)42+ 平衡浓度mol/L x 1.0 1.0 K稳= —————— [Cu2+] = —————— = —— [Cu(NH3)42+] [NH3 ]4[Cu2+] [Cu(NH3)42+] [NH3 ]4 K稳 1 K稳 E(Cu(NH)4+2 /Cu) = E(Cu2+ /Cu) = E (Cu2+ /Cu) + ——— lg [Cu2+] = E (Cu2+ /Cu) + ——— lg —— 0.059V n 1 K稳 0.059V n

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