Chapter 23

1. Chapter 23 Emergence of Industrial Society 1750-1914 Ms. Chattin FOOD CRISIS LEADS TO REBELLIONS!!!

2. Introduction • Chinese riot in Milwaukee in 1889 –only 16 Chinese in the entire state! The press claimed that Chinese laundrymen were seducing American girls! Thought there was a ring transporting girls to Chicago for forced marriages!!! 2 Chinese men were arrested but the court wasn’t moving fast enough and the people went out looking to lynch! The remaining Chinese soon fled! • Reflects Asian immigrants to the Americas, especially the US (west railroads) • Anxieties that people had from these contacts. By 1882 measures were taken to restrict Chinese immigration (lasted until 1943). • Anxiety over competition of labor and predatory sexual behaviors • “Change is measure by befores and afters” • Beginning of Industrialization

3. Forces of Change • Intellectual Freedoms: Enlightenment • Commercialization: ideals of socialization and new classes forming like bourgeois and manufacturer workers • Population pressures

4. American Revolution • British colonists in North America unhappy with taxes and restrictions placed upon them by the government • Taxes to pay for 7 Years War (felt it was colonists burden to pay for) and restricted trade. Stamp Act of 1765 (tax on all documents and pamphlets) • Colonists were not represented and felt that the government couldn’t make such laws without their voice “ no taxation without representation” • American Revolution started with rebels (terrorists) with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and a revolutionary government and army • Colonists successful due to sheer will and of course military problems of the British and the assistance of the French! • US won its freedom in 1789 and set up a constitution based on the principles of the Enlightenment (checks and balances btw. Branches of government, voting rights for certain people (most advanced in the world). No change for slaves though 

5. The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Era 1789-1815

6. Dominated by traditional institutions of: Monarchy, Church, and Aristocracy vs.Poverty, Illiteracy, and Superstition American Revolution bankrupted France A succession of poor harvest and hunger led to revolts and economic slump Enlightenment ideas and Bad monarch Monarchs used loans to support war activities and began taxing people higher to cover the costs. Additionally, took out more loans to pay for old ones!!! King needed parliament to approve new taxes and they wouldn’t b/c they felt they were exempt b/c of their noble status Poor Louis XVI inherited these problems Various reforms tried, but in 1788 Louis XVI called the Estates General (feudal meeting of society). 3 estates: Church, King, and people. 3rd estate demanded a vote by head rather than vote by estate (1st 2 estates out voted them even though the 3rd estates represented 98% of France!). They refused to work with the 3rd estate on this issue and the 3rd estate began meeting separately-called themselves the National Assembly (after being locked out of their normal meeting hall by the King…met on a tennis court and promised to create a new constitution) Press began covering moves of National Assembly and people were given hope! French Revolution

7. Louis XVI denied the National Assembly and moved troops to Versailles to enforce his will! In response the citizens of Paris stormed the royal armory: Bastille (July 14, 1789) They formed a citizen militia, the National Guard, in support of the National Assembly Soon other cities followed Paris and other National Guards sprang up Peasants continued to bear the brunt of taxation and the National Assembly and Bastille as an aristocratic plot that threatened needed reforms Peasants began spreading false rumors of a great conspiracy: Great Fear- manorial records and landlord over thrown! October 5, 1789 a mob of women marched to Versailles in protest against to soaring prices of food (women active in 1st stage of revolution) Women killed several of the Royal Guard Forced Louis XVI to return to Paris and he was taken prisoner by revolutionary women

9. March on Versailles

10. 1791 National Assembly established a new constitution with a limited monarchy Louis XVI had to accepted new constitution Soon the King and his family attempted to flee the kingdom to join the counter-revolution. He was caught and taken prisoner 1790 all monasteries…employees of state and had to take an oath of allegiance to the state Assault on the Church led to a counter-revolution among aristocrats-in-exile The new constitutional monarchy began with one major problem: debt It accepted the debt of the old regime and was hopelessly in debt Inflation ravaged already depressed economy Peasants began to riot due to inability of government to regulate prices In midst of economic disaster the government declared war on Austria in 1792

11. August 27, 1791-Declaration of Pillnitz Leopold II of Austria (bro. of Marie Antoinette) and Frederick William II of Prussia promise to intervene in France to protect the monarchy ONLY if other royal families from Europe agree. Great Britain never going to agree. But fueled speculation of a great aristocratic conspiracy in Europe to halt the actions that were taking place in France Prussian manifesto-July 1792 Duke of Brunswick,commander of Prussian forces issued this manifesto promising the destruction of Paris if harm came to the French royal family. This only stiffened support for the war and distrust for the king Outside interference stoking the flames!

12. France under Girondists leadership declared war on Austria (ally of Prussia) April 20, 1792. They believed the war would preserve the revolution rom domestic enemies. Acutally only helped to radicalize the revolution technically leading it to what is referred to as the second stage where the constitutional monarchy would be overthrown and replaced by a republic! Women: March 1791 a group of women lead by Pauline Leon petitioned the Assembly for the right to bear arms and to fight for the protection of the revolution. Women wanted to serve in the National Guard as well.Once the war began some Frenchwomen did enlist in the army and served with distinction Cont.

13. September Massacres • Early in September a crowd in Paris made its will known • The Paris Commune, committee that governed Paris, after they stormed the Tuileries palace and removed Louis XVI and the constitutional monarchy from power turned its attention to Paris jails and summarily executed or murdered about 1200 people. Many were aristocrats and priests, but the majority were just simple criminals. The crowd assumed they were counterrevolutionaries! • The Paris Commune then compelled the Legislative Assembly to call for the election by universal male suffrage of a new assembly to write a democratic constitution.

14. 1792 the second revolution began and equality was its most important issue The popular movement of the revolution began with the storming of the Tuileries, or King’s palace in Paris Sans-culottes wanted government to be decentralized with neighborhoods ruling themselves A republic was announced in 1792 1793 Louis XVI sent to the guillotine Girondins: more moderate revolutionaries Jacobins: more radical fraction Beginning of the second revolution the Jacobins took power, leader was Maximilien Robespierre Leader of the Committee of Public Safety in 1793: 12 man committee that ruled France Marie-Antoinette was later placed on trial for all kinds of charges including incest. She was found guilty and killed. The monarchs had four child, but two died at early ages. Louis-Charles was placed under arrest and some believe mistreated to the point of death by being overworked, underfed, and beaten. He died at the age of 10 while in prison under the revolutionaries control. 2nd Stage of Revolution

15. Louis XVI execution

16. The Committee of Public Safety under the leadership of Robespierre had to end internal anarchy and fight external wars Reign of Terror 1793-1794: state repression Removed political rivals through mass executions Christianity was replaced by religion of reason. Wanted to create a new moral universe Reign of Terror

17. A contemporary English cartoon typifying the attitude towards the French Revolution http://library.thinkquest.org/C006257/multimedia/default.shtml

18. Thermidorian Reaction: Robespierre undermined support needed to stay in power by attacking both Left and Right Murder of Marat (Newspaper guy) Began to break with the popular movement He was branded a traitor and guillontined in 1794 After fall of Robespierre and Jacobins price controls were abolished leading to many hardships was branded a traitor and guillontined in 1794 (1st tried to shoot himself) After fall of Robespierre and Jacobins price controls were abolished leading to many hardships Directory: government that took over France after the fall of Robespierre The Revolution gave Napoleon access to new positions because he was not born as a noble Involved in foreign campaigns: Italy and Egypt. His “successes” brought him much fame and support 1799 Napoleon joined the plot to overthrow the Directory After the coup d'état, a new form of the Republic was declared in France, and executive power was given to three consuls Napoleon was declared First Consul, and possessed most of the power in gov. He quickly took advantage of his situation and named himself First Counsul for Life in 1802. In 1804, France again became a monarchy when Napoleon crowned himself the Emperor of France End of Revolution/ Napoleon Bonaparte

20. His popularity as First Consul flowed from his military and political success He was also popular for reestablishing Catholicism as the religion of France Warfare represented his entire reign 1803 France embarked on an 11 yr. military campaign across Europe defeating: Austria 05’, Prussia 06’, Russia 07’, Friedland 07’ 1808 invaded Spain 1806: Napoleon found it difficult to fight England and instead began blocking English goods from European ports: Continental System Black market and smuggling activities continued Peninsular War 1808-1814: problems in Spain, but major problem was Russia. 1812 Napoleon moved into Russia because Alexander I abolished his Continental System Tsar pulled Napoleon’s troop within Russia, but they destroyed their own cities and crops. Napoleon’s men had no winter quarters, food, and were ill-equipped for the Russian winter 500,000 men set out, but only 100,000 men came back alive England/ Britain, Prussia, Sweden, Russia, and Austria joined forces against France. 1813:Battle of Nations France lost…occupied Paris Napoleon exiled to Mediterranean island of Elba…gave power to his son Allies refused to accept Francois (son) and invited Louis XVI’s brother, Louis XVIII, to rule France (Bourbons restored) Napoleon Bonaparte

21. Napoleon escaped the island of Elba and reclaimed his position in France He gathered troops and in June, 1815 went to war for his EMPIRE  he underestimated his opponents He was quickly defeated at Waterloo Afterward, he was exiled to the inhospitable island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic British watched over him…died 6yrs later (stomach cancer) Congress of Vienna: Following the Battle of Nations and expulsion of Napoleon a treaty was signed: Balance of Power Theory First Peace of Paris (May 1814) set the boundaries of France as of 1792 boarders then after Waterloo Second Peace of Paris (November 1815) was signed. Set France’s boundaries as of their 1790 boarders. Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI) brought into France and the monarchy was restored

22. Conservatism: stressed tradition and necessity of corporate institutions. Slow evolution rather than revolutionary process. Argued to retain monarchies Metternich (Austria) attempted to stop all constitutional reforms to improve civil liberties Liberalism: freedom of the individual and the corruptibility of authority. France and England-supported constitutional monarchy. Spoke for increase rights of women, workers, and in general civil liberties Socialism: rejected world as it was-hierarchy in society based to work…not wealth. Against capitalism. Revolutionary socialists: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels proposed a more extreme version (Communism/ Marxism). Stated capitalism would led to growing class struggle Industrialization brought many changes that were startling and disruptive Urban problems: congestion, crime, disease, and working conditions Realization people were not equal Poor wages for women led to prostitution and the spread of many diseases New Ideologies

23. Greek Revolution against Ottoman Rule 1820s–Turks responded with deadly force. Philhellenic (lover of Greece) movement. Lord Bryon (poet) sailed to Greece to help fight against the Turks…died of malaria there. England, France, and Russia signed the 1827 Treaty of London to support liberation of Greece. They defeated. (Congress of Vienna –wanted territorial stability which the Turks couldn’t hold onto) French Revolution 1830 (July Monarchy) 1824 King Charles X took throne of France (bro of King Louis XVIII). He didn’t support the constitutional monarchy and moved to restore absolutism! Food crisis…led to revolt! 3 days in July the Bourbon regime pulled down and Charles X fled to England. Charles’s cousin Louis-Philippe became new constitutional monarch (hence name July Monarchy) GB: Great Reform Bill of 1832- granted more men (middle class land owners) voting rights –Chartist Movement Belgian provinces revolted against Netherlands and Dutch rulers in August of 1830-wanted independence and constitution! Won it and recognized so long as they remained a neutral state Poland-1830 wanted independence: Russia crushed! Italy: 1831 Young Italy –Giuseppe Mazzini -(still broken) northern states under Austrian rule protested-ineffective! Movement driven underground Overall rebellions showed a growing class consciousness among the working class Showed commitment to stability and balance of power in Europe Forgotten Revolutions

24. Poor harvest, rising food prices, and working class agitation for political reforms France 1848: revolt of Parisian workers against bourgeois-King Philippe abdicated and interim government formed: Provisional government of the second republic- tried to “fix” unemployment by setting up national workshops. Workers from all over France poured into Paris-ineffective and workers again revolted in June General Louis Cavaignac crushed rebellion and a military dictatorship established until elections could be held –Louis Napoleon elected Pan-Germanic conference 1848-Creation of German state: Design of German nation-”small” option: restricted nation to smaller area that would be predominantly German. Movement failed when Friedrich Wihelm IV of Prussia refused to accept the crown of the new nation Austria revolts-Vienna-constitutional reform Budapest-separate state Prague-not successful, Habsburg armies crushed revolution Not the most successful-but revolutionaries learned how to organize, move beyond class lines, campaign, and lobby 1848 Revolutions

25. Consolidation

26. Romanticism/ Change: embodied rebellion from authority. Placed emphasis on emotion rather than intellect-spirit rather than classic models. Examples: Victor Hugo/ Frederic Chopin Nationalism: 1815-50 Political doctrine that glorified the people united against absolute monarchs and tyranny Local unification movements in Italy and Germany

27. Electoral system had not changed since Middle Ages Urban areas underrepresented along with capitalists “rotten boroughs” Reform Bill of 1832 extended political voice to commercial elite However, did not extend to workers New reform: People’s Charter-universal male suffrage, paid representatives, equal electoral districts, and annual elections-Rejected by Parliament Unrest/ labor strike-not violent though Reform in Great Britain

28. Skilled workers in opposition to mechanization of production Against female labor-cheaper Wanted to protect their craft organizations England, France, and Germany this led to outbreaks of violence Luddites of England-breaking machines Craftsmen of France-July Monarchy (but didn’t answer requests-strikes) More radical turned to socialism and republicanism Female: Flora Tristan: equality by education and organization Workers Unite

29. Not been united since the end of the Roman Empire in the 5th century Movement known as “Risorgimento” or resurgence –hopes stemmed from reorganization of Italy during the reign of Napoleon Revolutionary movements of the 1848’s had been crushed by Austria: Young Italy-Giuseppe Mazzini Red Shirts-Giuseppe Garibaldi Camillo Benso di Cavour- realistic politican from Piedmont-Sardinia Created an alliance with France against Austria in 1858-Treaty of Plombieres Austria (provoked by Cavour) declared war in 1859 and was easily defeated by French forces in the battles of Magenta and Solferino 1859 Lombardy joined Piedmont-Sardinia France got parts of Savoy and Nice Unifying Italy

30. 1860-Tuscany, Parma, Romagna, and Modena voted to kick out Austria and become part of Piedmont-Sardinia under king Victor Emmanuel II 1860-uprisings against King Francis II of Naples (Garibaldi led) Cavour took steps to eliminate Garibaldi’s (jealous) Cavour took Naples by military force By 1860 Italy was united under 1 ruler (Victor Emmanuel II) 1866 gained Venetia due to war Austria lost against Prussia 1870-gained Rome due to war France lost with Prussia Unifying Italy

32. Otto von Bismarck (Prussia)- Realpolitik –ruthless pursuit of advancing the interest of your state at any means (illegal/ violent) Junker member Saw liberal reformers and Junker sharing interest in unification of Germany-exploited this shared interest Unification of Germany

33. 1850-Prussia forced to accept Austria’s dominance and began to exclude it from agreements made in the Zollverein 1864-Prussia made alliance with Austria to take the German territories of Schieswig and Holstein from Denmark and agreed to rule jointly 1866-Bismarck provoked war with Austria over management of these territories Prussia easily won and began to exclude Austria from German unification 1867-Habsburg empire turned itself into 2 state ruled by 1 ruler 7 Weeks War

34. (southern German provinces feared unification with Prussia due to conservatism) France also feared unification-strong Germany not good for them internationally 1870 Bismarck provoked France-needed a dramatic event like war to unite the southern provinces to Prussia, which would unify Germany Bismarck gave the impression that the ambassador insulted the king of Prussia July 1870 France declared war on Prussia and the southern provinces united with Prussia Prussia successful-they studied the terrain of France, had a larger army, and deployed troops via the RR France lost the war Franco-Prussian War

36. Jan 1871 German empire established-Second Reich-under the leadership of the Prussian king Reichstag (German national assembly formed) Reichstag held no real power over king, but served more as an advisory council at this time Nation no longer embodied by the king Now, nations had their own symbols: Britannia of Eng. Marianne of Fran. Germany/ Nationalism

37. Reforms worked and kept G.B. from the 1848 revolutions Parliament able to adapt to demands of an industrial society Industrialist commitment to growth vs. workers need for protection from the government 1832-Reform Bill-bourgeoisie vote 1867-urban vote 1884-farm vote Prime Ministers: Gladstone: liberal who broke from Tory principles –best government was one that governed the least Lower taxes, abolished tariffs, secret ballot, edu. Act, military and civil service reform, ended the Anglican church of Ireland England and Parliamentary Reforms

38. Disraeli-from merchant family Conservative supported monarchy, house of lords, and Church Factory Act of 1875-56 hrs of work a week Public Health Act, Trade Union Act, and wanted tariffs Was successful at political campaigns to increase his base of supporters Believed in government intervention-liberal today England and ParliamentaryReforms

39. Old regime: power came from the monarch (divine authority) OUT New-power flowed from the citizens and was appointed to voted representatives Issue-how to control and tame public opinion “Politics ruins the character” Bismark-politicians began amoral and used Realpolitiks. Whatever necessary for your state New strategy for politicians-they became calculators and weighed levels of risk appropriate for the ends they sought to achieve Demise of Royal Authority

40. Politicians to Remember • Cavour-Italian unification-liberal • Bismarck-Prussia-German unification-conservative • Napoleon III-economic increase of France and improving reputation-both liberal and conservative

41. People of the late 19th century considered themselves “modern” Their values and world view were changing 2 titans: natural sciences and science of society (Darwin and Marx) Politics of homemaking-virtuous women maintain their homes and are devoted to their families. Literature to inform women of the new science of the domestic sphere-efficiency Women who worked reflected “social evils” and were unnatural Changing Values

42. Women of every class had increasing workloads placed on them Working class women usually worked then came home and worked piecework and then preformed the domestic duties Concept of the home as a “haven” was false Venereal diseases rose rapidly and proved that not all couples were as devoted as they seemed 14-17 % of all deaths in France were attributable to STD’s Women who worked were considered bad mothers and outside of their duties. This justified poor pay for women. Some began to protest their circumstances, which lead to the feminism Women and the Family

43. Illustrations from Mrs Beeton’s Everyday Housekeeping and Cookery Book, 1890, showing a housekeeper going about her daily duties

44. Black Friday: Nov. 18, 1910 England-women marched to Parliament in protest of the refusal of women to have the right to vote Women told to leave, refused and were beaten and arrested by London police (bobbies) Three Conciliation bills were put before the House of Commons, one each year in 1910,1911 and in 1912 which would extend the right of women to vote in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to around 1,000,000 wealthy, property-owning women Showed that women were militant (suffragettes) Emmeline Pankhurst: leader of movement in Great Britain: WSPU (women’s social and political union) She was arrested and did experience force-feeding after going on hunger strike on various occasions 1878 1st international feminist meeting in Paris Feminist: believed men and women were equal and should enjoy equal rights Women and Politics

46. Pankhurst and Pankhurst being arrested and carried away by a police officer in England

47. Pankhurst encouraged destruction of property to highlight violence done to women by denying them the vote Votes: 1918 England 1918 Germany 1920 America 1945 France Women and Politics

48. No real leaps in science during shortly before this due to industrialization and science being used to promote material progress-improving machines Studied the natural world On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) “Survival of the fittest”: life forms originate in and perpetuated themselves through struggle. The outcome was determined by natural selection-better adapted individuals survived while others died out. Charles Darwin-New Science

49. Charles Darwin

50. Marx believed he discovered the law of development of human history-like Darwin for animals “Darwin of sociology” Socialist/ evolutionist: history is the dialectical struggle of classes Capitalist society: bourgeoisie owned means of production as private property vs. proletariat or the propertyless working class Capitalism will only increase the size of the proletariat due to the greed of the bourgeoisie to make more $ Great revolution will take place were the proletarians will unite and stand against the bourgeoisie Marxism became increasingly popular Karl Marx