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4.5 Clipping

4.5 Clipping. Definition. ■ Clipping is the formation of new words by cutting a part off the orginal and using what remains intead. Eg. gas ← gas oline, bus ←moni bus. ■ Clipping is of a character of using words precisely and conveniently.

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4.5 Clipping

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  1. 4.5 Clipping

  2. Definition ■Clipping is the formation of new words by cutting a part off the orginal and using what remains intead. Eg.gas←gasoline, bus←monibus ■ Clipping is of a character of using words precisely and conveniently. radar ← radio direction finding and range laster ← light amplification by stimulated emmission of radiation

  3. Four common types 1.Front Clipping plane ← aeroplane,airplane wig ← periwig(假发） 2.Back Clipping doc ← doctor, dorm ← dormitory 3.Front and Back Clipping fridge ← re`frigerator, tec ← de`tective 4.Phrase Clipping daily ← daily paper perm ← permanent wave(烫发)

  4. Other types of clipping • Syncope(词中省略) • One or two syllables are omit from a word • for the convenience and casualness. eg. praps ← perhaps pacifist ← pacificist(和平主义者) • Contractions（缩约形式） • eg. gov’t←government • rec’d←received A few contractions only appear in poems. eg. e’en←even,e’er←ever, ne’er←never,o’er←over

  5. Conlusion • In some cases,clipping gives rise to • alterations in spelling and pronunci- • ation to conform to the English ways • of spelling and pronunciation. eg. mike←microphone dub←double(为电影配音） • Clipped words are not so formal as • original words,so they’re usually used • orally or in informal occasions,eg.lab, • maths,trig.

  6. Most clipped words have the same • meanings as the original,but a few • developed new meanings. eg. fan:enthusiastic admirer or support of ↑ sth./sb.（体育、电影等爱好者） fanatic: person who is too enthusiastic about sth. （狂热者，盲信者）

  7. 4.7 Back-formation

  8. Definition • Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. eg. swindler (骗子） schwindler → (German) → swindle (行骗） • It’s considered to be the oppossite process of the suffixation. • suffixation: imagine + -ation→imagination • back-formation: swindler－-er→swindle

  9. Types of words 1.Abstract Nouns eg. diagonse v. ←diagnosisn. aggress v. ←aggressionn. 2.Agential Nouns eg.rove v. ←rovern. beg v. ←beggarn. edit v. ←editorn. 3.Adjectives eg. frivol v. ←frivolousa. drowse v. ←drowsya.

  10. 4.Compound Nouns and Others Compound nouns eg. daydream v.←daydreamer n. lip-read v.←lip-reading n. Others eg. maffick v.←Mafeking n. （狂欢庆祝）（南非地名） grovel v.←grovelling n. （趴着） （趴着地）

  11. conclusion • Wors created through back-formation are mostly verbs.Only few can be used as both nouns and verbs. eg. gloom n.← gloomy a. pup n.&v ← puppya. A number of back-formation word has become common in English,eg,edit,beg. However,back-formation words are largely informal and some haven’t gain currency.So,we should use them with care.

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