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Unit 1: Psychology’s History and Approaches. Module 01: Psychology’s History. Psychology’s Roots. Aristotle. Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology. Ancient Greeks: Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Rene Descartes Francis Bacon John Locke Tabula Rasa ( blank slate) Empiricism.
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Psychology’s Roots Aristotle
Psychology’s RootsPrescientific Psychology • Ancient Greeks: Socrates, Plato and Aristotle • Rene Descartes • Francis Bacon • John Locke • Tabula Rasa (blank slate) • Empiricism
Psychology’s RootsPsychological Science is Born • Wilhelm Wundt (1879) • First laboratory to • study humans • Reaction time experiment • G. Stanley Hall
Psychology’s RootsThinking About the Mind’s Structure • Edward Titchener • Structuralism • introspection
Psychology’s RootsThinking About the Mind’s Function • William James • Functionalism
Psychology’s RootsThinking About the Mind’s Function • Mary Calkins • Margaret Floy Washburn • Experimental psychology
Psychological Science Develops • Sigmund Freud • emphasized the • importance of the • unconscious mind • and its effects on • human behavior.
Psychological Science Develops • Behaviorism • John B. Watson • Little Albert experiment
Psychological Science Develops • Behaviorism • B.F. Skinner • “study of observable behavior” • operant conditioning
Psychological Science Develops • Humanistic psychology • Carl Rogers • Abraham Maslow • Cognitive Neuroscience
Psychological Science Develops • Psychology • Science • Behavior • Mental processes
Psychology’s Biggest Question • Nature – Nurture Issue • Biology versus experience • History • Greeks • Rene Descartes • Charles Darwin • Natural selection
Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis • Levels of Analysis • Biological • Psychological • Social-cultural • Biopsychosocial Approach
Psychological Approaches/Perspectives • Behavioral perspective • Biological perspective • Cognitive perspective • Evolutionary perspective • Humanistic perspective • Psychodynamic perspective • Social-cultural perspective
Psychology’s Subfields • Psychometrics • Basic Research • Biological psychologists • Developmental psychologists • Cognitive psychologists • Educational psychologists • Personality psychologists • Social psychologists
Psychology’s Subfields • Applied Research • Industrial/organizational psychologists • Human factors psychologists • Counseling psychologists • Clinical psychologists • Psychiatrists • Positive psychology • Community psychologists
Basic Research Subfields • Cognitive psychologists • Developmental psychologists • Educational psychologists • Experimental psychologists • Psychometric and Quantitative Psychologists • Social psychologists
Psychology’s Subfields: Research Data: APA 1997
Applied Research Subfields • Forensic psychologists • Health psychologists • Industrial/organizational (I/O) psychologists • Neuropsychologists • Rehabilitation psychologists • School psychologists • Sport psychologists
The Helping Professions • Clinical psychologists • Community psychologists • Counseling psychologists
Psychological Associations & Societies The American Psychological Association is the largest organization of psychology with 160,000 members world-wide, followed by the British Psychological Society with 34,000 members.
Close-up Your Study of Psychology Survey, Question, Read, Review and Reflect (SQ3R) • Survey: What you are about to read, including chapter outlines and section heads. • Question: Ask questions. Make notes. • Read: Make sure you read outlines, sections and chapters in entirety. • Review: Margin definitions. Study learning outcomes. • Reflect: On what you learn. Test yourself with quizzes.
Empiricism = the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation.