December 1, 2008

1. December 1, 2008 • How were civil liberties attacked & what social changes emerged out of war? • Attacks on Civil Liberties • Great Migration • Homework: Section 4 Notes and Section 3 Quiz

2. Attacks on Civil Liberties Increase Wilson expressed fears about war hysteria As soon as war was declared, attacks on civil liberties, both official and unofficial, erupted

3. Anti-Immigrant Hysteria Main targets had emigrated from other nations Most bitter attacks were against those of German decent Many with German names lost their jobs

5. Orchestras refused to play music of Mozart, Bach, Beethoven, and Brahms

6. Some towns renamed themselves (if they had German names) Schools stopped teaching the German language Librarians removed books by German authors from the shelves

7. People resorted to violence (flogging, smearing with tar, and feathers) A German was lynched while wrapped in his flag and the mob was cleared by a jury

8. More Examples of Anti-German Sentiment German measles to “liberty measles” Hamburger named after the German city Hamburg became “Salisbury steak” or “liberty sandwich” Sauerkraut was renamed “liberty cabbage” Dachshunds named “liberty pups

9. Espionage and Sedition Acts June 1917 – passed the Espionage Act May 1918 – passed the Sedition Act A person could be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war effort or for saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or the war effort

10. Laws violated the 1st Amendment Led to over 2,000 persecutions for loosely defined antiwar activities (over half resulted in convictions) Newspapers & magazines that opposed the war or criticized any of the Allies lost their mailing privileges

11. House of Representatives refused to seat Victor Berger (socialist congressman from Wisconsin) b/c of his antiwar views

12. The Acts targeted socialist and labor leaders Eugene V. Debs was handed a 10-year prison sentence for speaking out against the war and the draft

13. Eugene V. Debs

14. Anarchist Emma Goldman received 2-year prison sentence & $10,000 fine for organizing the No Conscription League When she left jail, the authorities deported her to Russian

15. Emma Goldman

16. “Big Bill” Haywood & other leaders of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) accused of sabotaging war effort b/c they urged workers to strike for better conditions & higher pay

17. He was sentenced prison term, later skipped bail, and fled to Russia under federal pressure, the IWW faded away

18. The War Encourages Social Change African Americans and the War The Great Migration Women in the War The Flu Epidemic

19. African Americans and the War Black public opinion of war was divided WEB DuBois – should support war effort b/c it would strengthen calls for racial justice

20. William Trotter – victims of racism shouldn’t support racist government Favored protest & condemned accommodation approach

21. Despite the grievances over racial inequality, most African Americans backed the war.

22. The Great Migration Greatest effect of WWI on African Americans’ lives was that it accelerated the Great Migration The large-scale movement of hundreds of thousands of Southern blacks to the cities in the North

23. Began before the war when African Americans trickled northward to escape the Jim Crow South – but after the turn of the century, the trickle became a tidal wave.

25. Several factors contributed to the increase of black migration Escape racial discrimination in the South Boll weevil infestation, floods and droughts ruined much of the South’s cotton fields More job opportunities (Henry opened his assembly line to black workers)

27. WWI & drop in European immigration led to more jobs in steel mills, munitions plants, & stockyards Recruiting agents sent to distribute free railroad passes Black owned newspaper bombarded Southern blacks with articles contrasting Dixieland lynchings with the prosperity of African Americans in the North

28. Same Old Problems Racial prejudice existed in the North The press of new migrants to Northern cities caused overcrowding and intensified racial tensions Between 1910 and 1930, hundreds or thousands of African Americans migrated to such cities as NY, Chicago, and Philadelphia

29. Women in the War Women moved into jobs that had been held exclusively by men Railroad workers, cooks, dockworkers, and bricklayers Mined coal and took part in shipbuilding

31. Filled traditional jobs Worked as volunteers Encouraged sale of bonds and the planting of victory gardens

32. Active in the peace movement Jane Addams who founded the Women’s Peace Party in 1915 (she remained a pacifist even after the U.S. entered the war)

34. Wilson acknowledge the services of women during the war but did not find that they were owed equal pay to man War helped bolster support for women’s suffrage In 1919, Congress finally passed the 19th amendment

35. The Flu Epidemic Fall of 1918, the U.S. suffered a home front crisis when an international flu epidemic affected about one-quarter of the population

37. The effect of the epidemic on the economy was devastating Mines shut down telephone service was cut in half factories and offices staggered working hours to avoid contagion Cities ran short of coffins the corpses of poor lay unburied for as long as a week

38. Hit the healthy & death could come in a matter of days Doctors didn’t know what to do cleanliness and quarantine

39. More than a quarter of the troops caught the disease In some AEF units, one-third died Germans fell victim in even larger numbers

40. Possibly spread around the world by soldiers, the epidemic killed about 500,000 Americans before it disappeared in 1919 Historians believed that the virus killed as many as 30 million people worldwide Epidemic like the war ended suddenly