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General Pathology

General Pathology. Basic Principles of Cellular and Organ Pathology Infection - I. http://www1.lf1.cuni.cz/~jdusk/. Jaroslava Dušková Inst. Pathol. ,1st Med. Faculty, Charles Univ. Prague. nonliving physical chemical. Inflammation - causes. living prions (?) viral bacterial

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General Pathology

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  1. General Pathology Basic Principles of Cellular and Organ Pathology Infection - I http://www1.lf1.cuni.cz/~jdusk/ Jaroslava Dušková Inst. Pathol. ,1st Med. Faculty, Charles Univ. Prague

  2. nonliving physical chemical Inflammation - causes • living prions (?) viral bacterial mycotic parasitic AUTOIMMUNE

  3. Interaction of Organism and Microorganism – Terms • Bacteriemia (transient) • Sepsis/ Septicemia • Pyemia • Toxemia • Viremia

  4. Bacteriemia • transient presence of microbes in the bloodstream

  5. Sepsis / Septicemia (Severe Bacteremia) • increasing numbers of microbes (& their toxins) in the bloodstream

  6. Sepsis/Septicemia Def. systemic response to infection manifestating as • tachypnoe > 20/min. • tachycardia > 90/min. • temperature > 39 st. C. (ev. < 36st.C) • leucocytosis > 15 000/1l(ev. < 4000/1l)

  7. Endotoxin, toxins G+ Macrophages Cytokins NO PAF (Platelets Activating Factor) TNF, IL–1 TNF, IL–1, IL–6 NO synthesis vasodilation coagulation Sepsis – PathogeneticFactors

  8. Syndrome of Systemic Inflammatory Response Def. systemic response to an AGENT manifestating as • tachypnoe > 20/min. • tachycardia > 90/min. • temperature > 39 st. C. (ev. < 36st.C) • leucocytosis > 15 000/1l(ev. < 4000/1l) AGENT: pancreatitis, injury, burns…..

  9. Pyemia • presence of infected thrombemboli bearing virulent microbes in the bloodstream

  10. Toxemia • presence of microbial toxin (s) without the microbes themselves in the bloodstream

  11. Endotoxin • lipopolysaccharide component of G- bacteria outer wall • effects: fever, shock, DIC, RDS • effects mediated by IL-1, TNF

  12. Exotoxins -1 • often enzymes (leukocidins, hemolysins, hyaluronidases, coagulases, fibrinolysins) • others………….

  13. Exotoxins -2 • diphteria toxin – inhibition of cellular proteosynthesis • botulotoxin – block of the cholinergic transmission • choleratoxin – increase in cAMP, losses of isoosmotic fluid via enterocytes

  14. General Natural defenses Inflammation Immune status Successful transmission Site of attack Number of microorg. Pathogenicity Host & Microorganism Encounter

  15. General age, race, nutrition, other diseases (diabetes) Natural defenses skin, mucose integrity mucus, cilliary action, unobstructed flow protective secretion (lysosym in tears, gastric acid, IgA Inflammation leucocytes macrophages -phagocytosis Immune status immunity (or lack of it) active, passive immunisation, contact lymphocytes immunoglobulins complement Host

  16. Successful transmission Site of attack Number of microorg. Pathogenicity invasiveness toxin production multiplication resistence to host defence mechanisms ability to cause necrosis enzyme release Microorganism

  17. INFECTIONversusDISEASE • Pathogenicity (virulence) • Incubation Period • Carrier State

  18. Agent – Host Interaction • cytocidal • stabilised (steady– state) • transformation – ONCOGENS

  19. Virus – Host Cell Interaction • cytocidal • stabilised (steady– state) • transformation – ONCOGENS

  20. non infectious physical chemical Inflammation - causes • infectious prions viral bacterial mycotic parasitic AUTOIMMUNE

  21. Infectious Agents of Humans • prions • viruses (DNA, RNA) • bacteria (incl. chlamydia, mycoplasma, rickettsia – obligatory intracellular parasites) • fungi (yeasts, molds) • parasites (protozoa, helmints, ectoparasites- insects: lice, mites, ticks; spiders)

  22. Infectious Agents of Humans Bacteria • simple cells – prokaryotes • both DNA and RNA • cocci, bacilli (AFB!), spirochetes…. • Gram positive /negative • extra- and/or intracellular • aerobic/ anaerobic

  23. Infectious Agents of Humans Fungi • complex cells – eukaryotes • both DNA and RNA • yeasts, molds (hyphae, pseudohyphae…) • PAS, impregnation • extra- or intracellular • mostly opportune pathogens

  24. Infectious Agents of Humans Parasites -1 Protozoa • complex cells – eukaryotes • both DNA and RNA • extra- or intracellular (Amebas, Trichomonas,Trypanosoma, Toxoplasma, Plasmodium, Pneumocystis…)

  25. Infectious Agents of Humans Parasites -2 Metazoa (helmints and flukes) • multicellular • both DNA and RNA • flat and round worms • extracellular (Taenia, Ascaris, Enterobius, Trichuris Echinococcus, Clonorchis, Schistosoma, Wuchereria…)

  26. Infectious Agents of Humans Parasites -3 Insecta, Arachnida • multicellular • both DNA and RNA • extracellular (Sarcoptes scabiei, fleas, ticks, lice……)

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