Inquiry Lesson – 1928 to 1932: Trials and Tribulations during Hoover’s Administration

Farmers, the Dust Bowl, and the Exodusters The Bonus Army Jim Crow Atrocities Inquiry Lesson – 1928 to 1932: Trials and Tribulations during Hoover’s Administration Major Events to consider during Hoover’s Administration The Response of Hoover’s Administration The Great Crash

Major Events to consider during Hoover’s Administration Here is how the lesson will work ... • Remember, often it is not the answer that matters, but the questions that precede any answer. • Each color coded historical grouping (red, grey, black, green, and orange) will have 3-5 student partners. These student participants will attempt to evaluate a document, video, audio, etc. piece of primary source evidence. • To accomplish this primary source evaluation, students will use the Stripling Model of Inquiry (see next slide) • Then, each member will respond to guiding questions (see slide after Stripling Model of Inquiry):

Source: https://washington2011esd112.pbworks.com/w/page/48189352/Inquiry%20Process%20Model

Major Events to consider during Hoover’s Administration Guiding Questions • What is the role of government, the individual, and the community in times of hardship? Where do they crossover, or do they? • Since this is an inquiry based exercise, what are your questions related to your piece of evidence. Generate one for each level. The time allotment for this 55 minute class period will be: • 5 minute set up, • 20 minute interpretation/reflection, (see Library of Congress interpretation/reflection guide – next slide) • 25 minute share, • 5 min wrap-up

Primary Source Analysis ToolGuiding Question - What is the role of government, the individual, and the community in times of hardship? Where do they crossover, or do they?

Guiding Question - What is the role of government, the individual, and the community in times of hardship? Where do they crossover, or do they? Government Community Individual

Farmers, the Dust Bowl, and the Exodusters – Evidence piece #1

Farmers, the Dust Bowl, and the Exodusters Evidence piece #1 Source Info

Farmers, the Dust Bowl, and the Exodusters Evidence Piece #4

Farmers, the Dust Bowl, and the Exodusters – Evidence piece #4 Source Info Title: A Shower At Last Creator(s): Joe Parrish, cartoonist Newspaper: The Nashville Tennessean Date Created/Published: July 10, 1936 Repository: International Team of Comic Historians (I.T.C.H.) http://superitch.com/?p=10159

Farmers, the Dust Bowl, and the Exodusters Evidence Piece #5

Farmers, the Dust Bowl, and the Exodusters Evidence Piece #6 Source Info Title: Typescript for The Grapes of Wrath with copy-editing marks, Author/Creator(s): John Steinbeck (1902-1968) Date Created/Published: 1939 Repository: Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Washington, DC 20540 http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trm143.html

Jim Crow Atrocities Evidence piece #1

Jim Crow Atrocities Evidence piece #1 Source Info Newspaper Article: The Act of Lynching Author: No author cited Publication: Cleveland Gazette 17, no. 10 (10/07/1899) Source - Library of Congress http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/aaeo:@field(DOCID+@lit(o19196))

Jim Crow Atrocities Evidence piece #2 Source Info Title: The lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith Creator(s): Lawrence Beitler Date Created/Published: August 7, 1930 Repository: Library of Congress, Washington, DC lcweb2.loc.gov/ and Images and the Media, Andover University http://www.andover.edu/Museums/Addison/Education/mlc/Documents/ImagesAndTheMediaPortfolioGuide.pdf

Evidence piece #3 Jim Crow Atrocities Strange Fruit (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4ZyuULy9zs) Southern trees bear strange fruit,Blood on the leaves and blood at the root,Black bodies swinging in the Southern breeze, Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees. Pastoral scene of the gallant South,The bulging eyes and twisted mouth,The scent of magnolias, sweet and fresh,Then the sudden smell of burning flesh. Here is a fruit for the crows to pluck,For the rain to gather, for the wind to suck,For the sun to rot, for the trees to drop,Here is a strange and bitter crop.

Jim Crow Atrocities Evidence piece #3 Source Info

Jim Crow Atrocities Evidence piece #4 Source Info

Jim Crow Atrocities Evidence piece #5 Source Info Data Table: Source:From Stewart E. Tolnay and E.M. Beck, A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882-1930. http://www.umass.edu/complit/aclanet/USLynch.html

Evidence piece #6 Source Info Jim Crow Atrocities

Evidence piece #5 Source Info Jim Crow Atrocities Signage from Jim Crow South Source: http://www.ferris.edu/news/jimcrow/what.htm

Jim Crow Atrocities – Evidence piece #7 {begin page 1} In dealing with all vexed questions, the chief aim of every honest inquirer should be to ascertain the facts. No good purpose is subserved either by concealment on the one hand or exaggeration on the other. "The truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth," is the only sure foundation for just judgment. The purpose of this pamphlet is to give the public the facts, in the belief that there is still a sense of justice in the American people, and that it will yet assert itself in condemnation of outlawry and in defense of oppressed and persecuted humanity. In this firm belief the following pages will describe the lynching of nine colored men, who were arrested near Palmetto, Georgia, about the middle of March, upon suspicion that they were implicated in the burning of the three houses in February preceding. The nine suspects were not criminals, they were hard-working, law-abiding citizens, men of families. They had assaulted no woman, and, after the lapse of nearly a month, it could not be claimed that the fury of an insane mob made their butchery excusable. They were in the custody of law, unarmed, chained together and helpless, awaiting their trial. They had no money to employ learned counsel to invoke the aid of technicalities to defeat justice. They were in custody of a white Sheriff, to be prosecuted by a white State's Attorney, to be tried before a white judge, and by a white jury. Surely the guilty had no chance to escape. Still they were lynched. That the awful story of their slaughter may not be considered overdrawn, the following description is taken from the columns of the Atlanta Journal, as it was written by Royal Daniel, a staff correspondent. The story of the lynching thus told is as follows: Palmetto. Ga., March 16.--A mob of more than 100 desperate men, armed with Winchesters and shotguns and pistols and wearing masks, rode into Palmetto at 1 o'clock this morning and shot to death four Negro prisoners, desperately wounded another and with deliberate aim fired at four others, wounding two, believing the entire nine had been killed.

Jim Crow Atrocities – Evidence piece #7 (page 2) {Begin page no. 2} The boldness of the mob and the desperateness with which the murder was contemplated and executed, has torn the little town with excitement and anxiety. All business has been suspended, and the town is under military patrol, and every male inhabitant is armed to the teeth, in anticipation of an outbreak which is expected to-night. Last night nine Negroes were arrested and placed in the warehouse near the depot. The Negroes were charged with the burning of the two business blocks here in February. At 1 o'clock this morning the mob dashed into town while the people slept. They rushed to the warehouse in which the nine Negroes were guarded by six white men. The door was burst open and the guards were ordered to hold up their hands. Then the mob fired two volleys into the line of trembling, wretched and pleading prisoners, and to make sure of their work, placed pistols in the dying men's faces and emptied the chambers. Citizens who were aroused by the shooting and ran out to investigate the cause were driven to their homes at the point of guns and pistols and then the mob mounted their horses and dashed out of town, back into the woods and home again. None of the mob was recognized, as their faces were completely concealed by masks. The men did their work orderly and coolly and exhibited a determination seldom equaled under similar circumstances. The nine Negroes were tied with ropes and were helpless. The guard was held at the muzzle of guns and threatened with death if a man moved. Then the firing was deliberately done, volley by volley. The Negroes now dead are: Tip Hudson, Bud Cotton, Ed Wynn, Henry Bingham. Fatally shot and now dying: John Bigby. Shot but will recover: John Jameson. Arm broken: George Tatum. Escaped without injury: Ison Brown, Clem Watts. The men who were guarding the Negroes are well know and prominent citizens of Palmetto, and were sworn in only yesterday as a special guard for the night. The commitment trial of the Negroes was set for 9 o'clock this morning. Bud Cotton, who was killed, had confessed to the burning of the stores in Palmetto, and had implicated all the others who had been arrested

Evidence piece #5 Source Info Jim Crow Atrocities Author/Creator: Ida B. Wells-Barnett Source:http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/connections/afam-perspectives/thinking.html

The Bonus Army Evidence piece #1

The Bonus Army Evidence piece #1 – Source Data . Title: Forgotten Men Creator(s): Carey Orr Date Created/Published: Chicago Tribune, July 1932 Repository: San Francisco State University http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~scotty13/Cartoon.htm

The Bonus Army Evidence piece #2 – Source Data .

The Bonus Army Evidence piece #3 – Source Data . Title: Bonus Army on Capitol lawn, Washington, D.C. Creator(s): UnknownDate Created/Published: July 13, 1932 Repository: Library of Congress http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2002722914/3

The Bonus Army Evidence piece #4 Bonus Marchers

Evidence piece #4 – Source Data The Bonus Army Title: What, more boarders? Creator(s): Carmack, Paul R., 1895-1977, artist Date Created/Published: 1934. Original Publication: Christian Science Monitor Source: Library of Congress http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trm203.html

Evidence piece #5 – Source Data The Bonus Army Newspaper Article: Rank and File (US military publication) Date: December 5th, 1932 Source: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trm203.html

– Evidence piece #6 The Bonus Army People keep advocating rebellion, but we are curious to know what they want to rebel against. The bonus marchers, if combined with the Kentucky miners would probably spend their time arguing about which grievance to support instead of doing anything. Unemployment has become a business . . . In a democracy, there are a thousand, ten thousand groups…. Each has its own particular sorrow and its grievance; there exists no common tyranny against which to rebel, not even the tyranny of hard times. If you mixed bonus marchers with Kentucky miners, they would probably spend the rest of their lives arguing about what to rebel against . . . Being out of a job perforates the walls of the mind, and thoughts seep off into strange channels. To say that the country is as rich as it ever was is a joke: something is gone that used to be here—the spirit of millions of men is gone, and a man’s spirit is just as real a natural resource as gold or wheat or lumber.

Evidence piece #6 – Source Data The Bonus Army Author: E.B. White Date: June 25, 1932 Magazine Article:The New Yorker Magazine Source:http://www.newyorker.com/search/query?keyword=Bonus%20army

Evidence piece #7 The Bonus Army HOOVER DEFENSE IN CALLING OUT TROOPSThe text of President Hoover's statement late yesterday in defense of his action in calling out troops to evacuate the bonus veterans, follows:"A challenge to the authority of the United States Government has been met, swiftly and firmly."After months of patient indulgence, the Government met overt lawlessness as it always must be met if the cherished processes of self-government are to be preserved. We cannot tolerate the abuse of constitutional rights by those who would destroy all government, no matter who they may be. Government cannot be coerced by mob rule."The Department of Justice is pressing its investigation into the violence which forced the call for Army detachments and it is my sincere hope that those agitators who inspired yesterday's attack upon the Federal authority may be brought speedily to trial in the civil courts. There can be no safe harbor in the United States of America for violence."Order and civil tranquility are the first requisites in the great task of economic reconstruction to which our whole people now are devoting their heroic and noble energies. This national effort must not be retarded in even the slightest degree by organized lawlessness."The first obligation of my office is to uphold and defend the Constitution and the authority of the law. This I propose always to do."

Evidence piece #7 – Source Data The Bonus Army Newspaper Article:President Hoover comments on use of federal troops Date Created/Published: Washington Herald, July 30, 1932 Source: http://www.ecommcode.com/hoover/hooveronline/hoover_and_the_depression/bonus_march/group_index.cfm?GroupID=14

Evidence piece #8 The Bonus Army

Evidence piece #8 – Source Data The Bonus Army Photograph: Bonus Marchers clash with D.C. police Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bonus_marchers_05510_2004_001_a.gif

The Bonus Army – Evidence piece #9

Inquiry Lesson – 1928 to 1932: Trials and Tribulations during Hoover’s Administration