The Road to the Civil War

1. The Road to the Civil War

2. Quotes • “My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that. What I do about slavery, and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I do not believe it would help to save the Union. I shall do less whenever I shall believe what I am doing hurts the cause, and I shall do more whenever I shall believe doing more will help the cause.” • – August 22, 1862 –Abraham Lincoln, Letter to Horace Greeley

3. A Nation Divided

4. Unit Overview • This unit is broken up into three parts • The Road to the Civil War • The Civil War • Reconstruction

5. General Civil War Questions • What issues led to the Civil War? • What event starts the Civil War? • What is an abolitionist? • What were the dates (years) of the Civil War? • How was the country divided during the Civil War? • What did the Emancipation Proclamation do? • Name a major battle of the war? • Name two events that changed the “tide” of war in 1863?  •  Why is the Civil War considered the first “modern war”? • List two key people on the side of the Union and Confederacy? • Who won the Civil War? Union or Confederacy

6. KWL Chart • Causes of the War • The Civil War • Reconstruction

7. Vocabulary Terms • Sectionalism: excessive regard for local interests; regional or local spirit, prejudice, • Abolitionists: (esp. prior to the Civil War) a person who advocated or supported the outlawing of slavery in the U.S. • Popular sovereignty: states that the residence of a territory should have the right to determine the status of slavery locally. (people in the state decide the laws) • State’s Rights: the state has the right to declare a law unconstitutional if it violates the powers of the federal government. (10th amendment-nullification)

8. Civil War- Basics • Causes • Expansion of Slavery • Federal Vs. State Power(10th amendment) • Starts due to secession, war is fought on Union side to preserve the Union • Freeing slaves is an outcome

9. Sectionalism 1820-1860 • U.S. expanded westward and new technologies were developed • Political issues on the basis of what was best for their region or section • Sectional differences created some of the problems which led to the Civil War • The country was divided into three main sections: North, South, West

10. What issues created Sectionalism? • Expansion of Slavery • State’s Rights(nullification of Federal laws) • Economic Interests • Internal Improvements • Banking Systems • Western land • Tariffs

11. Where they stand: Mixed Northern Mixed

12. A tariff encouraged people (southern) to buy American(northern) made goods.

13. Why did this divide the North and the South? • Southerners sold their cotton and tobacco abroad, mainly to Great Britain, and in exchange they would buy manufactured goods. These manufactured goods would then cost more because of a tariff. For this reason the South was against a tariff. $

14. A tariff encouraged people (southern) to buy American(northern) made goods. • Date: February 6, 1837 • “I hold that in the present state of civilization, where two races of different origin, and distinguished by color, and other physical differences, as well as intellectual, are brought together, the relation now existing in the slaveholding States between the two, is, instead of an evil, a good, a positive good.” –John C. Calhoun Tariff crisis of 1828 and Nullification 1832- higher tariffs are passed, south is outraged John C. Calhoun of South Carolina declares the law null, on the basis of individual state’s rights(1oth Amendment). Refused to collect the tax, Jackson threatens to send in federal troops and hang Calhoun!

15. Slavery • Slavery created the main tension between the North and South. • The issue of slavery became even more important with the growth of the U.S. • Would the new states/territories be allowed to have slavery?

16. Slavery in the Territories: The Missouri Compromise • As the U.S. spread westward keeping the number of ‘free states’ and ‘slave states’ equal become very important. Why? • To keep the balance of power equal in the Senate, both sides were afraid to have the other side gain more power • In 1817, when Missouri tried for statehood as a slave state. the issue of slavery became a big problem. • Northerners were outraged because this would upset the balance of power. • This led to the MISSOURI COMPROMISE!

17. The Missouri Compromise Pushed by Henry Clay Congress compromised by admitting Maine as a free state in 1820, and Missouri as a slave state in 1821. This compromise maintained the balance between slave and free states.

18. As a result of the Missouri Compromise, slavery would not be allowed in any of the new territories north of 36 degrees 30 seconds north latitude.

20. Abolitionist Movement • The abolitionist movement grew out of the ideas and energy of the religious movement, the Second Great Awakening in the early 1800’s • Abolitionists realized in order to emancipate the slaves, public opinion on the issue must changed, many were unaware or apathetic to the horrors of slavery

21. Abolitionist Movement • The Abolitionist message was spread by newspaper, speeches(many by free African-American or former slaves) • Although abolitionists wanted the same thing, they disagreed about how to achieve the end of slavery • Gradual Approach • Free them and send them back to Africa • Violent overthrow or escape • Appeal to people emotions and morality

22. Abolitionist Movement • By the 1830’s fight against slavery took a more radical approach by calling for an immediate end to slavery and equal rights for all former slaves • One of the most active leaders was William Lloyd Garrison • He published the anti-slavery newspaper, The Liberator • “No union with slaveholders” “I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice-I will not retreat a single inch and I will be heard”

23. Violent Abolitionists • Many abolitions took an alternative approach to ending slavery…violence • One of the first rebellions was led by Nat Turner, who rallied a group of slave in August 1831, killing 57 whites, including women and children • Southerner’s blame the abolition movement and William Lloyd Garrison • Enact new laws to maintain control and dominance over slaves • Congressional Gag Order • Banned Abolitionist mail

24. Abolitionist Movement • Leaders of the movement included Fredrick Douglass and Sojourner Truth, both were former slaves and shared their experiences. Sojourner also spoke out for women’s rights. (Ain’t I a Woman)

25. The Underground Railroad • North was the way to freedom and with the help of many people in the North over a 1,000 slaves made their way to freedom • Not a real railroad, they traveled the back roads (tracks), wagons(trains), friendly homes(stations) • Most Famous ‘conductor’ was Harriet Tubman ‘Moses’

26. The Wilmot Proviso Introduced in 1846, would outlaw slavery in all lands that the United States would possibly purchase from Mexico.

27. In 1849, California asked to be admitted to the Union as a Free State

28. ANGRY SOUTHERNERS!!! These two issues made many Southerners feel that their way of life was under attack. This led some Southerners to hold a convention of Southern states in 1850 to discuss seceding from the Union.

29. Compromise of 1850 Henry Clay There were five parts : • California would be admitted as a free state • The territories of New Mexico and Utah would be allowed to decide whether they would be slave or free states. (Popular Sovereignty) • The slave trade would be prohibited in the District of Columbia. • A Fugitive Slave Law would be passed to make it easier to capture runaway slaves. • Texas surrenders land for purchase of debt

30. Compromise of 1850

31. Fugitive Slave Act A SLAVE OWNER WOULD ONLY HAVE TO GO BEFORE A JUDGE AND SWEAR THAT A PERSON WAS A RUNAWAY SLAVE . PERSONS ACCUSED OF BEING RUN AWAY SLAVES COULD NOT TESTIFY IN THEIR BEHALF. THE FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW STATED: No free or enslaved African American is safe! CITIZENS WERE ALSO REQUIRED TO HELP AN OFFICER CAPTURE A RUNAWAY SLAVE IF ORDERED. (Including Northerners) What was one of the unintended outcomes of the Fugitive Slave Law? The Fugitive Slave Law raised awareness of the issue of slavery all over America. (Over 7 Northern states passed personal liberty laws and refused to follow the law.)

32. Uncle Tom’s Cabin • One event that brought national attention to the issue of slavery was the publishing of the book Uncle Tom’s Cabin. • Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe • This book was published in 1852, sold over 300,000 copies, and gave a dramatic view of slavery in the South. • Uncle Tom’sCabinchanged the way many people in the North viewed slavery. Many people in the South were angered by the view of slavery shown in this book. “So this is the little lady who started this big war.” -- Abraham Lincoln

33. Kansas-Nebraska Act-1854 Introduced by Stephen Douglas Created two new territories instead of one. Kansas and Nebraska. Each could choose whether they would have slavery.(popular sovereignty) Destroys the Missouri Compromise! Both the North and South settled in Kansas, causing violent clashes. It became known as “Bleeding Kansas”.

34. Dred Scott v. Sandford 1856 • A court case that brought national attention to the slavery issue was the: • Dred Scott was a slave who was taken by his master to the free territory of Wisconsin for five years. When his owner died, he was sold to a slave owner in Missouri. He sued for his freedom since he had lived in free territory.

35. The Dred Scott Case • The case went before the Supreme Court. • The Court’s Decision • Chief Justice Taney delivered the decision, which said that Dred Scott was not a citizen of the United States so he could not sue. • The Constitution didn’t even apply to free blacks! • Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional • The government can’t stop slavery into the territories or free state • Kills the idea of popular sovereignty • Slaves can be brought into any territory

36. New Party, New Leader • Republican Party is formed • Lincoln’s ‘A house divided’ speech • Lincoln- Douglas Debates

37. Slave Rebellion and John Brown John Brown was an abolitionist who believed violence was needed to end slavery. ‘Bleeding Kansas’-Potawatomie Creek raid In 1859 John Brown planned to seize weapons from the United States Arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia to give to the slaves in the area. Got money to pay for the raid from several Massachusetts abolitionists OCTOBER 16, 1859 WITH 18 MEN John Brown was able to capture the arsenal, but the slaves did not begin a revolt. He had not informed the slaves in the area of his plan. He was captured, convicted of treason, and hanged. Northerners view him as a martyr. “I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood”

38. Political Parties/Presidential Election of 1860 √Abraham LincolnRepublican John BellConstitutional Union John C. BreckinridgeSouthern Democrat Stephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat

39. 1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?! How does this picture show the election’s effect on the nation?

40. 1860ElectionResults November 1860

41. SECESSION- South Carolina Dec 20, 1860

42. Secession- Fort Sumter In February 1861, delegates from the seven seceded states met in Montgomery, AL and formed the Confederate States of America. To lead the new government, the convention selected Jefferson Davis of Mississippi as President. On April 12, 1861 Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter. The Civil War had begun.