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Solid and Hazardous Waste

Core Case Study: Electronic Waste (1). What is electronic waste or e-waste?High-quality material resourcesToxic and hazardous wasteDisposal methodsCradle-to-grave approach. Core Case Study: Electronic Waste (2). Company-sponsored recycling programsPrevention is best long-term solution. El

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Solid and Hazardous Waste

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    1. Solid and Hazardous Waste Chapter 16

    2. Core Case Study: Electronic Waste (1) What is electronic waste or e-waste? High-quality material resources Toxic and hazardous waste Disposal methods Cradle-to-grave approach

    3. Core Case Study: Electronic Waste (2) Company-sponsored recycling programs Prevention is best long-term solution

    4. Electronic Waste (E-waste)

    5. 16-1 What Are Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste, and Why Are They Problems? Concept 16-1 Solid waste represents pollution and unnecessary waste of resources, and hazardous waste contributes to pollution, natural capital degradation, health problems, and premature deaths.

    6. Wasting Resources Solid Waste Municipal solid waste Industrial solid waste Hazardous or toxic waste Cause for concern About 3/4 unnecessary resource waste Create air and water pollution, land degradation

    7. Scavenging in the Philippines

    8. Harmful Chemicals in Your Home

    9. Solid Waste in the United States Produce 1/3 of world’s solid waste Mining, agricultural, industrial – 98.5% Municipal solid waste – 1.5% High-waste economy Examples

    10. Solid Wastes Polluting a River in Jakarta, Indonesia

    11. 16-2 What Should We Do about Solid Waste? Concept 16-2 A sustainable approach to solid waste is first to reduce it, then to reuse or recycle it, and finally to safely dispose of what is left.

    12. Dealing with Solid Waste Waste management Waste reduction Integrated waste management

    13. Integrated Waste Management

    14. Figure 16.5: Integrated waste management: wastes are reduced by recycling, reuse, and composting or managed by burial in landfills or incineration. Most countries rely primarily on burial and incineration.Figure 16.5: Integrated waste management: wastes are reduced by recycling, reuse, and composting or managed by burial in landfills or incineration. Most countries rely primarily on burial and incineration.

    15. Suggested Priorities for Integrated Waste Management

    16. Figure 16.6: Integrated waste management: priorities suggested by the U.S. National Academy of Scientists for dealing with solid waste. To date, these waste reduction priorities have not been followed in the United States or in most other countries. Instead, most efforts are devoted to waste management (bury it or burn it). Question: Why do you think most countries do not follow these priorities, which are based on consensus science? (Data from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. National Academy of Sciences)Figure 16.6: Integrated waste management: priorities suggested by the U.S. National Academy of Scientists for dealing with solid waste. To date, these waste reduction priorities have not been followed in the United States or in most other countries. Instead, most efforts are devoted to waste management (bury it or burn it). Question: Why do you think most countries do not follow these priorities, which are based on consensus science? (Data from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. National Academy of Sciences)

    17. Producing Less Waste Refuse Reduce Reuse Recycle

    18. What Can You Do?

    19. Reducing Resource Use, Waste, and Pollution Redesign processes and products Make products easy to repair, reuse, remanufacture, compost, or recycle Eliminate or reduce unnecessary packaging Use fee-per-bag waste collection systems Establish cradle-to-grave laws

    20. 16-3 Why Is Reusing and Recycling Materials So Important? Concept 16-3 Reusing items decreases the use of matter and energy resources and reduces pollution and natural capital degradation; recycling does so to a lesser degree.

    21. Reuse Reuse as a form of waste reduction Salvaging Yard sales, flea markets, secondhand stores, auctions, newspaper ads Technology Refillable containers and cloth bags

    22. Case Study: Refillable Containers Can reuse glass and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic containers Throwaway containers from centralized facilities cheaper for corporations Bottle deposit fee National bottle bill or ban non-reuseable containers

    23. Recycling Five major types of materials can be recycled Primary (closed-loop) recycling Secondary recycling Preconsumer (internal) and postconsumer (external) waste Feasibility and marketing

    24. Mixed Versus Separate Household Recycling Material recovery facilities (MRF) Source separation Pay-as-you-throw (PAUT)

    25. What Can You Do?

    26. Composting Decomposing bacteria Household composting Organic waste collection facilities Success large-scale composting Located centrally Odor control Exclude toxic materials

    27. Individuals Matter: Recycling Plastics 5% plastics recycled MBA Polymers, Inc – commercial recycling process Pellets cheaper than virgin plastics More environmentally friendly

    28. Trade-offs: Recycling

    29. Encouraging Reuse and Recycling Fix faulty accounting system Even the economic playing field Stabilize prices for recycled materials Government subsidies Better-informed public

    30. 16-4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Burning or Burying Solid Waste? Concept 16-4 Technologies for burning and burying solid wastes are well developed, but burning contributes to pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and buried wastes eventually contribute to pollution and land degradation.

    31. Waste-to-energy Incinerator

    32. Figure 16.10: Solutions: a waste-to-energy incinerator with pollution controls that burns mixed solid waste and uses some of the energy released to produce steam, used for heating or producing electricity. Questions: Would you invest in such a project? Why or why not?Figure 16.10: Solutions: a waste-to-energy incinerator with pollution controls that burns mixed solid waste and uses some of the energy released to produce steam, used for heating or producing electricity. Questions: Would you invest in such a project? Why or why not?

    33. Trade-offs: Incineration

    34. Burying Solid Wastes Open dumps Sanitary landfills Leachates

    35. Sanitary Landfill

    36. Figure 16.12: Solutions: state-of-the-art sanitary landfill, which is designed to eliminate or minimize environmental problems that plague older landfills. Even these landfills are expected to leak eventually, passing both the effects of contamination and clean-up costs on to future generations. Since 1997, only modern sanitary landfills are allowed in the United States. As a result, many small, older landfills have been closed and replaced with larger, modern, local and regional landfills. Question: How do you think such landfills could develop leaks?Figure 16.12: Solutions: state-of-the-art sanitary landfill, which is designed to eliminate or minimize environmental problems that plague older landfills. Even these landfills are expected to leak eventually, passing both the effects of contamination and clean-up costs on to future generations. Since 1997, only modern sanitary landfills are allowed in the United States. As a result, many small, older landfills have been closed and replaced with larger, modern, local and regional landfills. Question: How do you think such landfills could develop leaks?

    37. Trade-offs: Sanitary Landfills

    38. 16-5 How Should We Deal with Hazardous Waste? Concept 16-5 A sustainable approach to hazardous waste is first to produce less of it, then to reuse or recycle it, then to convert it to less hazardous materials, and finally to safely store what is left.

    39. Integrated Hazardous Waste Management

    40. Figure 16.14: Integrated hazardous waste management: priorities suggested by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences for dealing with hazardous waste (Concept 16-5). To date, these priorities have not been followed in the United States and in most other countries. Question: Why do you think most countries do not follow these priorities? (Data from U.S. National Academy of Sciences)Figure 16.14: Integrated hazardous waste management: priorities suggested by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences for dealing with hazardous waste (Concept 16-5). To date, these priorities have not been followed in the United States and in most other countries. Question: Why do you think most countries do not follow these priorities? (Data from U.S. National Academy of Sciences)

    41. Detoxifying Hazardous Waste Bioremediation Phytoremediation Incineration

    42. Trade-offs: Phytoremediation

    43. Storing Hazardous Waste Deep-well disposal Surface impoundments Secure landfills

    44. Trade-offs: Deep Underground Wells

    45. Trade-offs: Surface Impoundments

    46. Secure Hazardous Waste Landfill

    47. Figure 16.18: Solutions: secure hazardous waste landfill.Figure 16.18: Solutions: secure hazardous waste landfill.

    48. What Can You Do?

    49. Science Focus: Mercury (1) Neurotoxin Natural sources Human activities Coal burning, chemical plants, smelting, electronics

    50. Science Focus: Mercury (2) Persistent chemical Exposure and bioaccumulation

    51. Mercury Cycle

    52. Figure 16.A: Science: cycling of mercury in aquatic environments, in which mercury is converted from one form to another. The form most toxic to humans is methylmercury (CH3Hg+), which can be biologically magnified in aquatic food chains. Some mercury is also released back into the atmosphere as mercury vapor.Figure 16.A: Science: cycling of mercury in aquatic environments, in which mercury is converted from one form to another. The form most toxic to humans is methylmercury (CH3Hg+), which can be biologically magnified in aquatic food chains. Some mercury is also released back into the atmosphere as mercury vapor.

    53. Solutions: Mercury Pollution

    54. Dealing with Lead Poisoning Neurotoxin Persistent Especially harmful to children Good news More work needed

    55. Solutions: Lead Poisoning

    56. 16-6 How Can We Make the Transition to a More Sustainable Low-waste Society? Concept 16-6 Shifting to a low-waste society requires individuals and businesses to reduce resource use and to reuse and recycle wastes at local, national, and global levels.

    57. Achieving a Low-waste Society (1) Grassroots action Environmental justice International treaties Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) Dirty dozen

    58. Achieving a Low-waste Society (2) Precautionary principle Emphasize prevention and reduction

    59. Animation: Economic Types

    60. Animation: Carbon Bonds

    61. Animation: Resources Depletion and Degradation

    62. Video: China Computer Waste

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