Unveiling the Wonders of DNA: From Discovery to Protein Synthesis

1. You and Your DNA! Biology Chapter 7

2. Genetic ______ • The ______ of the cell. • _______ is determined by it.

3. DNA the blueprints of life • Who first discovered it?

4. Johann Friedrich ________ 1869 • Nucleus was acidic so he called it “_____ ___”

5. Frederick _______ Mouse Experiment • Live and dead __________ injected into mice

10. Live with capsule killed mice • Dead with capsule no kill • No capsule live no kill • No capsule w/dead capsule killed

11. Avery,McCarty and _____ • Found DNA as ______ factor • Eliminated proteins, lipids… with enzymes

12. Hershey & Chase • ___________ • Radioactive tags • On _______ coat • On _____ - was passed

14. DNA Structure _______

15. 4 bases in DNA • Adenine • Guanine • Thymine • Cytocine }_________ }___________

16. Purines ____ Rings of Carbon Pyrimidines

17. _____ Ring of Carbon

18. Erwin Chargraff • Adenine bases always equal # of _______ bases

20. Rosalind ________ • 1950’s used ______ ________ • Saw repeating units

21. Watson & Crick • 2 long DNA Chains • Spiraled into a ______ ______ • _____ won the Nobel Prize

22. Bases paired up from one strand to another _ – C _ – T

24. A Right-Hand Turn, with each full turn is ____ Base Pairs

25. DNA CODE • 3 base pairs code for an _____ ____ • Ex. CCC, AAG… • Genetic code is alphabet of these

27. Replication: Helicase protein Replication Fork Seperated by ________ enzymes

28. Replication • DNA _________ • Very precise process _____ in 10,000, correcting to 1 in a billion • Misreads lead to ________ & death

29. RNA – whats the deal with that? • Ribose sugar • Single strand • _____ replaces thymine

31. How do you make RNA? • __________ • Why- • Because DNA doesn’t leave the nucleus

33. mRNA- • ________ RNA • Moves around the cell to spread the DNA word

34. RNA makes the proteins • 4 code letters- AGCU • Make ____ AA • __ nucleotides per AA

36. Reading RNA • Every _ letters is a codon. • Start at ___ • Stop at UAA, UAG, UGA

38. Translation • mRNA attaches to a _______. • Ribosomes make a protein from the mRNA

39. Transfer RNA molecules serve as interpreters during translation Amino acid attachment site • In the cytoplasm, a ribosome attaches to the mRNA and translates its message into a polypeptide • The process is aided by ______ RNAs Hydrogen bond RNA polynucleotide chain Anticodon Figure 10.11A

40. Each ______ molecule has a triplet ________ on one end and an amino acid attachment site on the other Amino acidattachment site Figure 10.11B, C Anticodon

41. Ribosomes build polypeptides Next amino acidto be added topolypeptide Growingpolypeptide tRNA molecules P site A site Growingpolypeptide Largesubunit tRNA P A mRNA mRNAbindingsite Codons mRNA Smallsubunit Figure 10.12A-C

42. mRNA, a specific tRNA, and the ribosome subunits assemble during initiation Largeribosomalsubunit Initiator tRNA P site A site Startcodon Small ribosomalsubunit mRNA 1 2

43. Amino acid Polypeptide Asite P site Anticodon mRNA 1 Codon recognition mRNAmovement Stopcodon Newpeptidebond 2 Peptide bond formation 3 Translocation

44. The first opportunity to regulate how the DNA is read RNA Protein Protein Translation Flow of Genetic Information DNA RNA Transcription DNA Replication

45. Translation

46. More TranslatioN

47. More Translation

48. Translation, part 4