First Aid And CPR

1. First Aid And CPR

2. STATISTICS • Leading cause of death in teens is unintentional injuries • In 2008 approximately 118,000 Americans died from an unintentional injury and another 25.7 million were disabled • 900,000 people in the United Stated die each year from some form of heart disease • More than 300,000 of these are caused by sudden cardiac arrest. Heart disease is the number one cause of death in this country

3. More Statistics • 15,000 adolescents die each year from unintentional injuries • High school athletes account for 2 million injuries, 500,000 doctor visits and 30,000 hospitalizations annually • The more passengers there are in a vehicle with a teen driver, the more likelihood of an accident

4. First Aid • Is the immediate, temporary care given to an ill or injured person until professional medical care can be provided • Using the proper first-aid procedures can reduce the number of people who sustain further injury or die in the absence of early and effective treatment

5. The EMS System • The Emergency Medical System is a network of community resources, including police, fire and medical personnel-and YOU • Early arrival of emergency personnel increases a person’s chance of surviving a life-threatening emergency. Calling 9-1-1 is the most important action you can take

6. Your Role In The EMS System • Step 1: Recognize that an Emergency Exists • Emergencies can happen to anyone, anywhere • Before you can give help, you must be able to recognize an emergency • Some examples include:

7. Unusual Noises • Screaming, moaning, yelling or calls for help • Breaking glass, crashing metal or screeching tires • A change in the sound made by machinery or equipment • Sudden, loud noises, such as the sound of collapsing buildings or falling ladders • Unusual silence

8. Unusual Sights • A stopped vehicle on the roadside or a car that has run off the road • Downed electrical wires • A person lying motionless • Spilled medication or empty container • An overturned pot in the kitchen • Sparks, smoke or fire

9. Unusual Odors • Odors that are stronger than usual • Unrecognizable odors • Inappropriate odors

10. Unusual Appearances or Behaviors • Unconsciousness • Confusion, drowsiness or unusual behavior • Trouble breathing • Sudden collapse, slip or fall • Clutching the chest or throat • A person doubled over in pain • Slurred, confused or hesitant speech • Sweating for no apparent reason • Uncharacteristic skin color • Inability to move a body part

11. Step 2: Decide To Act • Once you recognize that an emergency has occurred, you must decide how to help and what to do. • Even though people recognize an emergency has occurred they fail to act.

12. Common Factors That Keep People From Responding • Panic or fear of doing something wrong • Being unsure of the person’s condition and what to do • Assuming someone else will take action • Type of illness or injury • Fear of catching a disease • Fear of being sued • Being unsure of when to call 9-1-1

13. Good Samaritan Laws • Protect people against claims of negligence when they give emergency care in good faith without accepting anything in return. • Were developed to encouraged people to help others • Laws require the “Good Samaritan” to use common sense and a reasonable level of care and to give only the type of emergency care you have been trained for

14. Step 3: Activate the EMS System • Most important step you can take in an emergency – Calling 9-1-1 • Dispatcher will ask for your phone number, address, location of the emergency and questions to determine whether you need police, fire or medical assistance • Many call takers are trained to give first-aid instructions and can assist you with life saving techniques until EMS personnel take over

15. Step 4: Give Care Until Help Takes Over • You should give the appropriate care to an ill or injured person until: • You see an obvious sign of life, such as breathing • Another trained responder or EMS personnel takes over • You are too exhausted to continue • The scene becomes unsafe

16. Getting Permission to Give Care • People have the legal right to accept or refuse treatment. Therefore, before giving care to an injured or ill person, you must obtain the person’s permission • To get permission from a conscious person, tell them your name, how much training you have had, what you think is wrong and what your plan is. Then ask if you can help.

17. Expressed Consent • Is when a conscious person who understands your questions and what you plan to do gives you permission to give care. • Do not touch or give care to a conscious person who refuses to give permission, step back and call more advanced medical personnel

18. Implied Consent • People who are unconscious, or not able to respond, confused, mentally impaired, seriously injured or ill, the law assumes that if the person could respond, he/she would agree to care • If the person is a child or infant, permission must be obtained from a parent or guardian when one is available. If the condition is life threatening, permission is implied if the parent is not present

19. Preventing Disease Transmission • By following some basic standard precautions, you can greatly decrease your risk of getting or transmitting an infectious disease while giving care or cleaning up a blood spill • Avoid contact with blood and other body fluids • Use protective CPR breathing barriers • Use rubber gloves to protect yourself from blood or body fluids • Before using gloves, cover any of your cuts or sores with a bandage

20. More Standard Precautions • Do not eat, drink, or touch your mouth, nose or eyes when giving care or before you wash your hands after care has been given • Avoid handling personal items while giving care • Do not touch objects that are soiled with blood or body fluids • Be prepared by having a first aid kit handy and stocked • Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water after care even if you wore gloves

21. A Few More Precautions • Tell EMS personnel if you have come in contact with an injured person’s blood or body fluid Cleaning up blood spills: • Clean up the spill immediately • Use gloves • Wipe up spill with paper towels • Flood area with appropriate disinfectant • Dispose of contaminated material in labeled biohazard container

22. Taking Action: Emergency Action Steps

23. Check the Scene and the Person • Before you can help an injured or ill person, make sure that the scene is safe for you and any bystanders. Look the scene over and try to answer these questions: • Is it Safe? • Is Immediate Danger Involved? • What Happened? • How Many People Are Involved? • Is Anyone Else Available To Help? • What Is Wrong?

24. Is It Safe? • Check for anything unsafe, such as spilled chemicals, traffic, fire, escaping steam, downed electrical lines, smoke or extreme weather. • Avoid going in confined areas with no ventilation, collapsed structures, or places where natural gas or other substances could explode • If the scene is unsafe, do not enter

25. Is Immediate Danger Involved? • Do not move a seriously injured person unless there is an immediate danger, such as fire, flood or poisonous gas to yourself or the victim. • If there is no danger, tell the person not to move

26. What Happened? • Look for clues to what caused the emergency and how the person might be injured • Your check of the scene may be the only way to tell what happened • Ask bystanders if anyone has moved the victim

27. How Many People Are Involved • Look carefully for more than one person • You might not see an unconscious victim right away • If more than one victim decide who needs help first

28. Is Anyone Else Available to Help? • Bystanders may have to be asked to help • They may be able to tell you what happened • Bystanders may make the 9-1-1 call while you provide care • Bystanders may help to comfort the victim or others at the scene • May be able to tell about existing medical conditions

29. What Is Wrong? • Look for signals that may indicate a life-threatening emergency • Check to see if the victim is conscious • If not sure, tap them on the shoulder and ask if they are OK, speak loudly • When checking the person, use your sense of sight, smell and hearing to notice anything unusual

30. What Is Wrong? • The survival of the person depends on both emergency medical help and the help you can give • You will have to use your best judgment-based on the situation and your assessment of the injured or ill person to make the decision to call 9-1-1 • When in doubt, make the call

31. Call • Calling 9-1-1 for help is the most important action you can take to help an injured or ill person. Make the call quickly and return to the person or have someone else make the call. • As a general rule, call 9-1-1 if the person has any of the following:

32. Make The Call IF: • The person is unconsciousness or in an altered state (drowsiness or confusion) • Breathing problems (trouble breathing or no breathing) • Chest pain, discomfort or pressure lasting more than a few minutes that goes away and comes back or that radiates to the shoulder, arm, neck, jaw, stomach, or back

33. More Reasons to Call • Persistent abdominal pain or pressure • Severe external bleeding (spurts or gushes) • Vomiting blood or passing blood • Severe (critical) burns • Suspected poisioning • Seizures • Stroke • Suspected or obvious injuries to head, neck or spine

34. A Few More Reasons to Call • Painful, swollen, deformed areas or an open fracture • Other situations to call • Fire or explosion • Downed electrical wires • Swiftly moving or rapidly rising water • Presence of poisonous gas • Serious moter-vehicle collisions • Injured or ill persons who can’t be moved easily

35. Call First Or Care First? • If you are ALONE: • Call First Before Care For: • Any adult or child 12 years or older who is unconscious • A child or an infant who you witnessed suddenly collapse • An unconscious child or infant known to have heart problems

36. Call or Care? • Care First (give 2 minutes of care, then call) for: • An unconscious child (younger then 12 years) who you did not see collapse • Any drowning victim Call First situations are likely to be cardiac emergencies, where time is a critical factor. In Care First situations, the conditions often are related to breathing emergencies.

37. Care • After you have checked the scene and the person and have called EMS, immediately go to give care to the victim • Check for life threatening conditions following these guidelines: • Do no further harm • Monitor the person’s breathing and consciousness • Help the person rest in the most comfortable position

38. More Care Guidelines • Keep the person from getting chilled or overheated • Reassure the person • Give any specific care as needed

39. Moving an Injured Person • Moving an injured person can cause additional injury and pain and may complicate recovery. • Generally you should not move a victim UNLESS: • You are faced with immediate danger, such as fire, lack of oxygen, risk of explosion or collapsing structure • When you have to get to another person who may have a more serious problem • When it is necessary to give proper care (someone needs CPR and they are on a soft bed)

40. Shock • When the body is healthy, three conditions are needed to keep the right amount of blood flowing: • The heart must be working well • An adequate amount of oxygen-rich blood must be circulating in the body • The blood vessels must be intact and able to adjust blood flow

41. What is Shock? • Shock is a condition in which the circulatory system fails to deliver enough oxygen-rich blood to the body’s tissues and vital organs (brain, heart, lungs). • When someone is injured or suddenly ill normal body functions may be interrupted • When the body is unable to meet the demands for oxygen because blood fails to circulate, shock occurs

42. Shock Symptoms • Shock triggers a series of responses that are the body’s attempt to maintain adequate blood flow that produce specific signals that include: • Restlessness or irritability • Altered level of consciousness • Nausea or vomiting • Pale, ashen or grayish, cool, moist skin • Rapid breathing and pulse • Excessive thirst

43. Shock In Children • Be aware that the early signals of shock may not be present in young children and infants. However, because children are smaller than adults, they have less blood volume and are more susceptible to shock

44. Call 9-1-1 • When someone is going into shock call 9-1-1 immediately. Shock cannot be managed effectively by first aid alone • A person suffering from shock requires emergency medical care as soon as possible – CALL 9-1-1