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The Income Statement and The Statement of Cash Flows

BAB 4. The Income Statement and The Statement of Cash Flows. Why Is a Measure of Income Important?. Pengambilan keputusan sehubungan dengan laporan keuangan selalu memperhatikan ukuran keberhasilan perusahaan dalam pemakaian sumber daya yg digunakan dalam operasi.

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The Income Statement and The Statement of Cash Flows

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  1. BAB 4 TheIncomeStatement and TheStatement of Cash Flows

  2. Why Is a Measure of Income Important? Pengambilan keputusan sehubungan dengan laporan keuangan selalu memperhatikan ukuran keberhasilan perusahaan dalam pemakaian sumber daya yg digunakan dalam operasi Apakah aktivitas sudah menguntungkan ? Atau Apakah tingkat profitabilitas meningkat atau menurun ?

  3. Why Is a Measure of Income Important? Apakah perusahaan akan cukup menguntungkan sehingga mampu membayar bunga hutang dan deviden kepada pemegang saham dan masih tumbuh pada tingkat yg diinginkan ? Bagaimana Tren Profitabilitas ? Bagaimana Hasil di Tahun depan ? Apakah aktivitas sudah menguntungkan ? Knowing the firm’s income is important because being able to measure income better helps to answer such questions.

  4. How Is Income Measured? Pendekatan Transaksi Laba dengan pendekatan transaksi berfokus pada kejadian ekonomis yg mempengaruhi element tertentu pada laporan keuangan, yaitu pendapatan, beban, keuntungan dan kerugian

  5. How Is Income Measured? Pendekatan Transaksi Laba diukur sebagai perbedaan aliran masuk sumber daya (pendapatan dan keuntungan) dan aliran keluar (beban dan kerugian).

  6. How Is Income Measured? Transaction Approach Pendekatan transaksi memberikan rincian yang dapat membantu memprediksi arus kas masa depan. Sometimes called the matching method Metode penandingan/pengaitan

  7. Revenue and Gain Recognition • Revenue:Arus kas masuk atau peningkatan lain dari aktiva suatu entitas atau pelunasan kewajibannya dari penyerahan atau produksi suatu barang, pemberian jasa atau aktivitas lain yang merupakan usaha terbesar atau usaha utama yang sedang dilakukan entitas tersebut

  8. Revenue and Gain Recognition • Expense:Arus keluar atau penggunaan lain dari aktiva atau timbulnya kewajiban dari penyerahan atau produksi suatu barang, pemberian jasa atau pelaksanaan aktivitas lain yang merupakan usaha terbesar atau usaha utama yg sdg dilakukan entitas tersebut

  9. Revenue and Gain Recognition • Gain: Peningkatan dalam ekuitas (aktiva bersih) dari transaksi sampingan atau transaksi yang terjadi sesekali dari suatu entitas dan dari semua transaksi, kejadian dan kondisi lainnya yang mempengaruhi entitas tersebut, kecuali yang berasal dari pendapatan atau investasi pemilik

  10. Revenue and Gain Recognition • Loss:Penurunan dalam ekuitas (aktiva bersih) dari transaksi sampingan atau transaksi yang terjadi sesekali dari suatu entitas dan dari semua transaks, kejadian dan kondisi lainnya yg mempengaruhi entitas tersebut, kecuali yang berasal dari pendapatan atau investasi pemilik

  11. Revenue and Gain Recognition Pendapatan diakui apabila perusahaan yang menghasilkan pendapatan telah menyerahkan barang atau jasa yang dijanjikan kepada pelanggan dan ketika pelanggan telah melakukan pembayaran atau setidaknya memberikan janji pembayaran yang pasti

  12. Pengakuan Lebih Awal Apabila terdapat pasar untuk suatu produk dijual dengan harga yang berlaku dpt dipastikan tanpa upaya penjualan yg besar, maka pendapatan dapat diakui pada saat produksi selesai

  13. Earlier Recognition Jika kontrak suatu produk atau jasa dilakukan di muka, pendapatan dapat diakui pada saat produksi dilakukan atau jasa dilaksanakan terutama jika periode produksi atau pelaksanaan jasa melebihi satu tahun fiskal.

  14. Pengakuan Kemudian Jika penagihan atau perolehan aktiva atas barang atau jasa yang diserahkan dianggap meragukan, pendapatan dan keuntungan dapat diakui pada saat kas diterima.

  15. Pengakuan Beban dan Kerugian • Penandingan/pengaitan langsung. • Alokasi sistematik dan rasional • Pengakuan dengan segera

  16. Form of the Income Statement Revenue $xxx Costs and expenses: Costs of sales xxx Selling and administrative xxx Interest expense xxx Other income/expense, net xxx Restructuring charge xxx Total costs and expenses xxx Income before income taxes xx Income taxes xx Net income $ xx Single-Step Income Statement

  17. Form of the Income Statement Revenue $xxx Costs of goods sold: Beginning inventory xxx Net purchases xxx Cost of goods available for sale xxx Less ending inventory xxxxxx Gross profit on sales xxx Operating expenses: Selling expenses xxx General expenses xxxxxx Other income xxx Multiple-Step Income Statement Continued

  18. Form of the Income Statement Other income (from previous page) $xxx Other revenue and gains xxx Other expenses and losses (xxx ) Income from continuing operations before income taxes xxx Income taxes on continuing operations (xxx ) Discontinued operations: Loss from operations of discontinued business segment (net of tax) $xxx Loss on disposal of segment (net of tax) xxx (xxx ) Extraordinary gain (net of tax) xxx Net income $xxx

  19. Form of the Income Statement Comparative financial statements present several years’ financial statements side by side. This enables users to analyze performance over multiple periods and identify significant trends. Consolidated financial statements combine the financial results of the “parent company” with other companies that it owns, called subsidiaries.

  20. Components of the Income Statement Laba dari operasi berkelanjutan 1. Revenue 2. Cost of goods sold 3. Operating expenses 4. Other revenues and gains 5. Other expenses and losses 6. Income taxes on continuing operations

  21. Components of the Income Statement Gross profit: Revenue – Cost of goods sold Operating income: Gross profit – Operating expenses Income from Continuing Operations Determining Subtotals Continued

  22. Components of the Income Statement Income from continuing operations before income taxes: Operating income + Other revenues and gain – Other expenses and losses Income from continuing operations: Income from continuing operations before income taxes – Income taxes on continuing operations Income from Continuing Operations Determining Subtotals

  23. Components of the Income Statement Revenue reports the total sales to customers for the period less any sales returns and allowances or discounts. Revenue

  24. Components of the Income Statement Cost of Goods Sold Beginning inventory + Net purchases + Freight-in + Other inventory acquisition costs = Cost of goods available for sale – Ending inventory = Cost of goods sold

  25. Components of the Income Statement Cost of Goods Sold Cost of goods sold is a significant item on merchandising and manufacturing companies’ income statement.

  26. Components of the Income Statement Gross Profit/laba kotor Net sales – Cost of goods sold = Gross profit Gross profit ÷ Net sales = Gross profit percentage/persentase laba kotor

  27. Components of the Income Statement Operating Expenses/Beban Operasi Operating expenses may be reported in two parts: 1) Selling expenses/Beban pemasaran 2) General and administrative expenses/beban umum dan adm

  28. Components of the Income Statement Operating Income/Laba Operasi Operating income measures the performance of the fundamental business operations conducted by a company. Gross profit – Operating expenses = Operating income

  29. Components of the Income Statement Other Revenues and Gains Mencakup unsur yang berkaitan dengan aktivitas sampingan perusahaan. 1) Rent revenue/pend Sewa 2) Interest revenue/Pend Bunga 3) Dividend revenue/Pend Deviden 4)Gains from the sale of assets/Keuntungan dari penjualan Harta

  30. Components of the Income Statement Other Expenses and Losses Deductions (dikurangkan) from operating income. 1)Interest expense/Beban Bunga 2)Losses from the sale of assets/Beban kerugian dari penjualan harta

  31. Net Income or Loss AT&T 14.7% 8.4% 6.2% McDonald’s 11.0% 13.9% 14.7% IBM 9.0% 9.2% 8.8% Nike 6.2% 6.4% 5.1% 2001 2000 1999 Return on Sales

  32. Earnings Per Share Income from continuing operations Weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding Formula for Income from Continuing Operations

  33. Earnings Per Share Market value per share Earnings per share Price-Earnings Ratio Widely referred to as the PE ratio

  34. Laba Komprehensif Comprehensive income is angka yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan semua nilai perubahan kekayaan selama satu periode. Sebagai tambahan atas laba bersih, laba komprehensif mencakup semua unsur yang umumnya muncul dari perubahan kondisi pasar yg tidak berhubungan dengan operasi normal perusahaan

  35. Comprehensive Income The more common adjustments made in arriving at comprehensive income are: • Penyesuaian translasi mata uang asing. • Keuntungan dan kerugian yang belum direalisasi atas surat berharga yg tersedia untuk dijual. • Keuntungan dan kerugian yang ditangguhkan atas instrumen keuangan derivatif.

  36. Comprehensive Income Sebagian besar perusahaan memasukkan laporan laba komprehensif sebagai bagian dari laporan ekuitas pemegang saham.

  37. Earnings, Net Income, and Comprehensive Income $100 80 $ 20 3 (8) $ 15 (2) $ 13 2 1 $ 16 Revenue Expenses Operating Income Gains Losses Earnings Cumulative Accounting Adjustment Net Income Unrecognized Holding Gains Unrecognized Foreign Exchange Changes Comprehensive Income

  38. TheStatement of Cash Flows

  39. Sebagus apakah laporan arus kas itu ? Apakah sebuah laporan arus kas menceritakan hal yg belum diketahui dari neraca dan laporan rugi laba ?

  40. What Good Is a Cash Flow Statement? Ya karena ada situasi dimana laba tidak dapat memberikan gambaran yg jelas atas kinerja perusahaan ?

  41. What Good Is a Cash Flow Statement? Begitu juga hal-hal lain yg berhubungan dengan laporan keuangan akan ada di laporan arus kas Sehingga laporan arus kas menjadi instrumen penting dalam penilain laba Laporan arus kas menjelaskan perubahan pada kas atau setara kas dalam periode tertentu

  42. Structure of the Cash Flow Statement Dapat segera ditukar dengan kas ketika diperlukan dan sangat dekat dengan masa jatuh temponya sehingga kecil resiko terjadinya perubahan nilai akibat perubahan tingkat suku bunga Investasi jangka pendek yg sangat likuid . Apakah maksud setara kas ?

  43. Structure of the Cash Flow Statement Cash Inflows Operating Activities Investing Activities Financing Activities CASH INFLOWS

  44. Cash Flow Patterns • Aktivitas operasi—Transaksi-transaksi dan kejadian-kejadian yg akan menentukan laba bersih. • Activitas Investasi—Transactions and events that involve the purchase and sale of securities, property, plant, equipment, and other assets not generally held for resale, and serta memberi dan menagih pinjaman • Financing Activities—Transactions and events dimana kas diperoleh dan dibayarkan kembali kepada pemilik dan kreditor.

  45. Pola Arus Kas Investing Operating Over the Life of a Company Start-up, High-Growth Company/PT baru yang sedang tumbuh pesat Financing

  46. Cash Flow Patterns Investing Financing Dividends Over the Life of a Company Steady-State Company/PT yg sedang mempertahan kan posisi Operating

  47. Cash Flow Patterns Investing Loan Repayment Share Repurchases Dividends Over the Life of a Company Cash Cow/PT yg sudah Mapan Financing Operating

  48. Noncash Transactions • Investing and financing activities that do not affect cash. • Significant transactions should be disclosed separately. • These transactions do not affect the statement of cash flows.

  49. Reporting Cash Flows from Operations • Direct Method—A method of reporting net cash flows from operations that shows cash receipts and payments for a period of time. This method is more straight forward. • Indirect Method—A method of reporting net cash flow from operations that involves reconciling net income to a cash basis. It shows how noncash flows affect net income.

  50. The Direct Method • This method reports directly the major classes of operating cash receipts and payments of an entity during a period. • Accrual-basis revenues and expenses must be converted to equivalent cash receipts and payments. • The amount of cash actually collected or paid is determined.

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