Human chromosomes: 50->250 million base pairs. Average gene: 3000 base pairs.

1. Human chromosomes: 50->250 million base pairs. • Average gene: 3000 base pairs. • <5% of DNA codes for protein.

2. Regulatory region Coding region What is a Gene? DNA • Short stretch of DNA on chromosome. • Two parts: • Information in genes used to make proteins. • Two Stages: • Transcription • Translation

3. 12-3 Protein Synthesis

4. Double stranded Sugar = deoxyribose Thymine (no Uracil) Stays in nucleus One type Same copy in the cell all the time Single stranded Sugar = ribose Uracil (instead of Thymine) Nucleus & cytoplasm 3 types (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) Disposable copies DNA vs. RNA

6. Ribose vs. Deoxyribose

7. RNA • many functions but mostly just protein synthesis • three main types of RNA: messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA

8. Types of RNA

9. mRNA • RNA molecules that carry copies of the DNA instructions = mRNA • messenger RNA (mRNA) = serve as “messengers” from DNA to the rest of the cell

10. Transcription & Translation

11. Transcription (DNA  mRNA) • RNA molecules are produced by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA • required enzyme = RNA polymerase • RNA polymerase binds to DNA (in nucleus) • separates the DNA strands • RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template • nucleotides are assembled into a strand of mRNA • Transcription Animation

12. TRANSCRIPTIONSimilar to DNA replication, but different.1. Copies only one of the two strands.2. Makes a copy as RNA, not DNA.

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14. Where does RNA start? csadaksjdfllasdailsdflRaiseyourhandifyoucanreadthis.aksdjfjasdkjaskklasdjfkkjajdfiodlskj • Need punctuation to identify where coding region begins and ends: • promoters - signals in DNA that indicate where the enzyme should bind (“start sequence”). • Similar signals in DNA cause transcription to stop when the new RNA molecule is completed.

15. RNA Editing • Intron = intervening sequence of DNA; does not code for a protein • Exon = expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein • When RNA molecules are formed, both the introns and the exons are copied from the DNA • introns are cut out of RNA molecules while they are still in the nucleus • exons are then spliced back together to form the final mRNA

17. The Genetic Code • Proteins = long chains of amino acids (polypeptides) • polypeptide = combination of any or all of the 20 different amino acids • properties of proteins are determined by the order in which different amino acids are joined together to produce polypeptides

18. The “language” of mRNA instructions is called the genetic code • RNA contains four different bases: A, U, C, and G • Letters read “3” at a time = codon • Codon = a group of three nucleotides on messenger RNA that specify a particular amino acid.

19. Translation (mRNA tRNA amino acid chain) • Occurs at the Ribosome • mRNA = instructions for the order of the amino acid sequence • Ribosome = reads the instructions of the mRNA

20. Translation DNA/RNA Amino Acid Adenine Cytosine Guanine Thymine/Uracil Alanine Arginine Asparagine Aspartate Cysteine Glutamine Glutamate Glycine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Proline Serine Threonine Tyrosine Tryptophan Valine

21. rRNA • Ribosomes are made up of several dozen proteins, as well as a form of RNA known as ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

22. tRNA • During the construction of a protein, a third type of RNA molecule transfers each amino acid to the ribosome • as specified by coded messages in mRNA. • These RNA molecules are known as transfer RNA (tRNA).

23. Identify the players at work 3 1 2 4

24. Steps of Translation • mRNA is released from the nucleus  enters cytoplasm • mRNA attaches to the ribosome • mRNA codons move through the ribosome proper amino acid brought by tRNA • Amino acids are bound together  polypeptide chain

25. Each tRNA carries only one type of amino acid • The three bases on tRNA = anticodon (complementary to mRNA)

27. The ribosome forms peptide bonds between the neighboring amino acids • It also breaks the bonds between tRNA and the amino acids • Translation ends when a “stop” codon is reached

29. Translation Animation

31. Bases in DNA/RNA form triplet code Codon Table:

32. What amino acids are made? • Use the mRNA strand on the Genetic Code Chart • DNA: TAC AAA CAC GGA CCA ACT (coding strand) • mRNA: AUG UUU GUG CCU GGU UGA • tRNA: UAC AAA CAC GGA CCA ACU • Amino acids: Methionine – Phenylalanine – Valine - Proline - Glycine - STOP