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Understanding Meaning-Based Knowledge Representation in Memory Processes

This chapter explores how meaning influences memory retention through various experiments, including Wanner’s experiment, which shows that people remember changes in wording that affect meaning more effectively than stylistic variations. Visual memory is also examined, illustrating that memory for images (type) is superior to memory for details (token). Bower, Karlin, and Dueck's study with droodles demonstrates the significance of meaningful interpretation in recall. The findings suggest that attaching meaning to material enhances memory retention, highlighting the limits of rote memorization.

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Understanding Meaning-Based Knowledge Representation in Memory Processes

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  1. Cognitive ProcessesPSY 334 Chapter 5 – Meaning-Based Knowledge Representation April 28, 2003

  2. Wanner’s Experiment • People do not remember exact wording. • Wanner’s experiment: • Two sentences differ in style • Two sentences differ in meaning • Subjects warned or not warned to pay attention to style • Memory is better for changes in wording that affect meaning. • Warning only helps memory for style.

  3. Memory for Visual Information • Memory for pictures is very strong and better than for words. • Mandler’s study – token vs type changes. • Type = meaning • Token = detail • Type changes were easier to identify than token. • Picture memory depends on meaning.

  4. Droodles • Bower, Karlin & Dueck presented droodles with or without their captions. • Subjects given labels were able to redraw them with 70% accuracy. • Subjects without labels were 51% accurate. • Memory depended on meaningful interpretation.

  5. Retention of Detail • Perceptual detail is encoded but quickly forgotten. • Gernsbacher’s picture reversals: • 10 sec delay = 79% accuracy • 10 min delay = 57% accuracy. • Anderson’s story sentences: • Immediate test = 99% correct • 2 min delay = 56% correct • Delay does not affect meaning accuracy.

  6. Implications • Memory is enhanced if people can attach meaning to material. • Loud and fast rehearsal doesn’t work. • Meaningless words can be better remembered by adding meaning: • DAX is like “DAD” • GIB is first part of “gibberish” • KA6PCG

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