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PowerPoint® presentation to accompany: Medical Assisting Third Edition Booth, Whicker, Wyman, Pugh, Thompson

Chapter 34. The Endocrine System. PowerPoint® presentation to accompany: Medical Assisting Third Edition Booth, Whicker, Wyman, Pugh, Thompson. Learning Outcomes. 34.1 Define the term endocrine glands . 34.2 Describe the general functions of the endocrine system.

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PowerPoint® presentation to accompany: Medical Assisting Third Edition Booth, Whicker, Wyman, Pugh, Thompson

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  1. Chapter 34 The Endocrine System PowerPoint® presentation to accompany: Medical Assisting Third Edition Booth, Whicker, Wyman, Pugh, Thompson

  2. Learning Outcomes 34.1 Define the term endocrine glands. 34.2 Describe the general functions of the endocrine system. 34.3 Define the term hormone. 34.4 Explain the difference in hormone control by positive and negative feedback loops.

  3. Learning Outcomes (cont.) 34.5 Describe the locations of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal body, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, thymus, and gonads. 34.6 List the hormones released by the pituitary glandand give the functions of each. 34.7 List the hormones released by the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands and give the functions of each.

  4. Learning Outcomes (cont.) 34.8 List the hormones released by the adrenal glands and give the functions of each. 34.9 List the names of the endocrine cells of the pancreas, the hormones released by them, and the function of each hormone. 34.10 List the hormones released by the pineal body, thymus, and gonads, and give the functions of each.

  5. Learning Outcomes (cont.) 34.11 Name the hormones produced by the kidneys and heart, listing which organ produces the hormone, and the hormone’s function. 34.12 Describe stressors and their effect on the body. 34.13 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment of various endocrine disorders.

  6. secrete into bloodstream to hormones target tissues Introduction • The endocrine system includes the organs of the body that secrete hormones directly into body fluids such as blood • Regulates chemical reaction in cells and therefore control functions of the organs, tissues, and other cells Glands

  7. Hormones • Endocrine glands • Ductless • Release hormones • Directly into target tissues • Into bloodstream to be carried to target tissues • Hormones – chemicals secreted by a cell that affect the functions of other cells

  8. hormones Hormones (cont.) • Many are derived from steroidsthat easily cross the cell membrane • Examples of steroid hormones • Estrogen • Progesterone • Testosterone • Cortisol

  9. Nonsteroidal hormones Made of amino acids or proteins and cannot cross the cell membrane easily Bind to receptors on the surface of the cells G-protein – activated by the hormone-receptor complex Activates enzymes inside cell Prostaglandins Local, or tissue, hormones Derived from lipid molecules Do not travel in the bloodstream Target tissues are located close by Produced by organs such as Kidneys Heart Stomach Uterus Brain Hormones(cont.)

  10. Negative and Positive Feedback Loops • Control hormone levels • Negative feedback loop • Hormone release stops in response to decrease in stimulus • Stimulus (eating) raises blood glucose levels • Pancreas releases insulin in response to elevated blood glucose • Blood glucose decreases as it is used by the body or stored in the liver • Insulin release stops as blood glucose levels normalize

  11. Negative and Positive Feedback Loops(cont.) • Positive feedback loop • As long as stimulus is present, action of hormone continues • Infant nursing at mother’s breast  stimulates hypothalamus  stimulates posterior pituitary • Oxytocin released  stimulates milk production and ejection from mammary glands • Milk release continues as long as infant continues to nurse

  12. ANSWER: E Apply Your Knowledge Match the following: ___ Chemicals that effect cell function A. Nonsteroidal hormone ___ Easily cross cell membranes B. Steroidal hormone ___ Made of amino acids C. G-protein ___ Target nearby cells D. Prostaglandins ___ Activated by hormone-receptor E. Hormones complex ___ Cannot cross cell membranes easily ___ Estrogen and cortisol B A D C VERY GOOD! A B

  13. Glands Hypothalamus • Hormones • Oxytocin • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) • Hormones transported to the posterior pituitary for storage • Directs posterior pituitary to release hormones

  14. Glands Pituitary Gland • Controlled by the hypothalamus • Located at the base of the brain • Protected by a bony structure called the sella turcica • The optic chiasm is located just above the pituitary gland • Carries visual information to the brain for interpretation • Two lobes • Anterior lobe • Posterior lobe

  15. Pituitary Gland (cont.) Growth hormone Prolactin Stimulates milk production Stimulates increase in size of muscles and bones Anterior Lobe Thyroid-stimulating Luteinizing Stimulates the thyroid gland to release its hormones Females: stimulates ovulationand estrogen production Males: stimulates testosterone production Follicle-stimulating Adrenocorticotropic Females: stimulates estrogen production and maturation of the ova Males: stimulates sperm production Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release its hormones

  16. Pituitary Gland(cont.) Oxytocin Posterior Lobe Females: causes contraction of the uterus and ejection of breast milk Males: stimulates contraction of the prostate and vas deferens during sexual arousal Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Stimulates the kidneys to conserve water

  17. Apply Your Knowledge ANSWER: D, E Match the following: ___ Stored in posterior pituitary A. Follicle-stimulating hormone ___ Milk production B. Prolactin ___ Produced by hypothalmus C. Luteinizing hormone ___ Stimulates sperm production D. ADH ___ Maturation of ova E. Oxytocin ___ Stimulates ovulation ___ Conservation of water ___ Production of testosterone ___ Contraction of uterus B D, E A A C Super! D C E

  18. Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands Thyroid hormones Calcitonin T3 T4 Glands Thyroid Gland • Located below the larynx • Divided into follicles that store some of the hormones Major hormones Stimulate protein synthesis and increase cellular energy production Lowers blood calcium levels by activating osteoblasts that build new bone tissue

  19. Glands Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands (cont.) • Parathyroid glands • Four located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland • Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) • Agonist to calcitonin by raising blood calcium levels through activation of osetoclasts (dissolve bone) • As bone dissolves, calcium levels in blood increase

  20. Thyroid follicles store some hormones. PTH activates osteoclasts. Thyroid hormone increases cellular energy production. Apply Your Knowledge True or False: __ Thyroid hormones stimulate protein synthesis. __ The thyroid gland does not store hormones. __ PTH activates osteoblasts. __ Calcitonin increases cellular energy production. __ The four parathyroid glands are located on the thyroid gland. __ Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels. ANSWER: T F F F T Bravo! T

  21. Glands Adrenal Glands • Located on top of each kidney • Divided into the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex • Adrenal medulla • Central portion • Hormones • Epinephrine • Norepinephrine • Same effects as sympathetic nervous system

  22. Adrenal Glands (cont.) • Adrenal cortex • Outermost portion • Secretes many hormones, but main ones are • Aldosterone • Stimulates body to retain sodium and water • Important in maintaining BP • Cortisol • Released when stressed • Decreases protein synthesis, resulting in slowed tissue repair • Decreases inflammation

  23. ANSWER: B, D Apply Your Knowledge Match the following: ____ Adrenal medulla A. Cortisol ____ Sodium retention B. Epinephrine ____ Decreases inflammation C. Aldosterone ____ Sympathetic effects D. Norepinephrine ____ Maintains blood pressure ____ Released during stress ____ Adrenal cortex C A B, D C A Excellent! A, C

  24. Glands Pancreas • Located behind the stomach • Both exocrine gland and endocrine gland • Exocrine – secretes digestive enzymes into a duct leading to the small intestine • Endocrine – secretes hormones into bloodstream

  25. Blood glucose concentrations Blood glucose concentrations Protein synthesis Protein synthesis Pancreas (cont.) • Islets of Langerhanssecrete hormones into bloodstream • Alpha cells secrete glucagon • Beta cells secrete insulin Insulin Glucagon

  26. Apply Your Knowledge Yippee! What are the effects of insulin and glucagon? ANSWER: Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration and increases protein synthesis. Glucagon does just the opposite. It increases blood glucose and decreases protein synthesis.

  27. Pineal body Small gland Located between cerebral hemispheres Melatonin Regulates circadian rhythms May play a role in onset of puberty Thymus gland Located between lungs Thymosin Promotes production of T lymphocytes Glands Other Hormone-Producing Organs

  28. The gonads Ovaries Estrogen Progesterone Testes Testosterone Stomach Gastrin Small intestine Secretin Cholecystokinin Heart Atrial natriuretic peptide – regulates BP Kidneys Erythropoietin – stimulates blood cell production Glands Other Hormone-Producing Organs(cont.)

  29. Back Back

  30. ANSWER: D Apply Your Knowledge Match the following: ___ Between lungs A. Pineal body ___ Melatonin B. Heart ___ Estrogen/testosterone C. Kidneys ___ Gastrin D. Thymus gland ___ Secretin E. Small intestine ___ Erythropoietin F. Stomach ___ Atrial natriuetic peptide G. Gonads ___ Thymosin ___ Cholecystokinin A G F E C B D Good Job! E

  31. The Stress Response • Stressor • Any stimulus that produces stress • Types • Physical factors • Psychological factors • Positive stimuli

  32. The Stress Response (cont.) • Physiologic response to stress caused by hormone release • General stress syndrome • Increased heart rate, respiratory rate, and BP • Increase in glucose and fatty acids in blood, which leads to weight loss • Increase in cortisol if stress prolonged • Decreased body repair • Susceptibility to illness

  33. ANSWER: A Apply Your Knowledge Match the following: ___ Extreme heat A. Physical stress ___ Death of friend B. Psychological stress ___ Fractured leg C. Positive stimulus ___ Wedding ___ Exam ___ Hearing an explosion nearby ___ “A” on an exam ___ Flu ___ Car stolen B A C B Very Good! B C A B

  34. Common Diseases and Disorders

  35. Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)

  36. Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)

  37. Apply Your Knowledge ANSWER: in an adult F hypothyroidism too much ACTH hypothyroidism Correct! True or False: ___ Acromegaly develops as a result of too much growth hormone in a child. ___ In diabetes insipidus, the kidneys fail to reabsorb water. ___ Too little growth hormone in childhood results in dwarfism. ___ Myxedema is the result of hyperthyroidism. ___ Addison’s disease is the result of too little corticosteroid. ___ Cushing’s disease is the result of too little ACTH. ___ Cretinism is an extreme form of hyperthyroidism present at birth. T T F T F F

  38. The organs of the endocrine system secrete hormones directly into blood and other body fluids. Hormones secreted by the endocrine system control the functions of other cells. Endocrine organs Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Adrenal glands Pancreas Pineal body Thymus gland Gonads, stomach small intestine, heart, kidneys In Summary

  39. End of Chapter 34 Its not stress that kills us, it is our reaction to it. ~ Hans Selye

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