1. 8th Grade, 2009 Neurology By: Amanda Wilkinson

2. Neuropsychology • Neuropsychology was first recorded being studied back to around 1700 B.C. • Neuropsychology was also first talked about in record, by Rene Descartes, who lived from 1596 to 1650. • Descartes thought movements were caused by ‘animal spirits’ that moved through the body Rene Descartes

3. Rene Descartes Continued... • Even though Descartes’ ideas were grand, little did he know a later book called, Anatomy of the Brain, would be published in 1664, and would prove his theory incorrect. • Anatomy of the Brain was published by a man named Thomas Willis.

4. Thomas Willis CSF= Cerebro Spinal Fluid • Thomas Willis thought the brain by itself had control over behavior, when everyone else thought CSF or ventricles had control. • Willis discovered the two types of tissue matter: gray and white matter. Ventricles are each of the four connected fluid-filled cavities in the center of the brain. Thomas Willis

5. The Circle of Willis • In addition to his novel, Anatomy Of The Brain, Thomas Willis was also the first person to discover the Circle of Willis. • The Circle of Willis delivers blood throughout all parts of the brain. No portion of the brain could even function without The Circle of Willis. • Roughly, only 34.5% of people have a complete Circle. However, having a complete Circle of Willis will help the owner avoid a stroke.

6. Neurosurgery • Neurosurgery today, has benefited from advances in computer assisted imaging, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography,magnetoencephalography, and the development of stereotactic surgery. • The range of neurosurgery has become larger as new diagnostic techniques let surgeons preform more complicated surgeries.

7. Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) • When a man named Lewandowsky was studying potassium ferrocyanide injection into the brain in 1900, he was the first to use the term Blood-Brain Barrier. Although he called it, “Bluthirnschranke.” • Lewandowsky changed the thoughts of many scientists, and brought about the idea of a barrier between blood and the brain. Also, between blood and CSF • In 1981, Stewart and Wiley first discovered the tight edges and originality of the B.B.B. by experimenting on embryonic chick gut and embryonic quail brain.

8. The Sylvian Fissure • In 1641, Franciscus Sylvius discovered the deep cleft parting the temporal, frontal, and parietal lobes of the brain. This cleft is now known as the Sylvian Fissure. <---The Sylvian Fissure

9. Credits • O'B, Toby. "Rene Descartes." Inner Toob. 16 Dec. 2008. Blogspot. 24 Apr. 2009 <http://toobworld.blogspot.com/2008_11_09_archive.html>. • Darty, Mark. "Brain Model Tutorial." Brain Model Tutorial. University of Central Florida. 28 Apr. 2009 <http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/%7EBrainmd1/brmodelc.gif>. • Loggan, D. C. "Willis, Thomas." Encyclopaedia Britannica. Ed. G. Vertue. 1742. Archiv fur Kunst und Geschichte, Berlin. 28 Apr. 2009 <http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/32/40532-004-7E058048.jpg>. • "Neurosurgery." HADASSAH UK medical excellence beyond boundaries. Registered UK Charity No. 1040848. 28 Apr. 2009 <http://www.hadassahuk.org/gallery.asp>. • Culham, Jody. "Sylvian Fissure." FMRI 4 Newbies. Aug. 2007. 28 Apr. 2009 <http://psychology.uwo.ca/fmri4newbies/>. • Aracuano. "File: Circle of Willis it.svg." Wikimedia Commons. 24 Mar. 2008. Wikipedia. 28 Apr. 2009 <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Circle_of_Willis_it.svg>. • MediceneNet.com. "MedicineNet.com." 11/19/2004 http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9145 • Students at Northern Illinois University. "History of Pyschology." Spring 2002. http://www3.niu.edu/acad/psych/Millis/History/2002/neuro.htm • OMGILI. "Right Health." 2007-2009 http://www.righthealth.com/topic/Neurosurgery/overview/wiki_detailed?modp=Neurosurgery#Modern_Neurosurgery • Isaac M. McPhee. "Suite101.com" May 4, 2008 http://cardiovascularsystem.suite101.com/article.cfm/the_circle_of_willis • Fast Health. "Fast Health." 1997-2004. http://www.fasthealth.com/dictionary/s/sylvian_fissure.php • Collice, Massimo M.D.; Collice, Rosa M.D.; Alessandro M.D. "Neurosurgery Online." October 2008. http://journals.lww.com/neurosurgery/Abstract/2008/10000/Who_Discovered_the_Sylvian_Fissure_.10.aspx • Dr. Thomas P. David. "The David Lab." 1/8/2007 http://davislab.med.arizona.edu/bbbhistory.htm • Unknown author. "StateUniversity.com" 2009 http://encyclopedia.stateuniversity.com/pages/2950/blood-brain-barrier.html