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Chapter 6: Language and Communication

Chapter 6: Language and Communication. Slide Template. The Perception of print. Stages in Word Perception. Models of visual word recognition (e.g. Pandemonium model) are bottom-up driven: from features to letters, to words. . Stages in Word Perception. The features as a unit: Visual search

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Chapter 6: Language and Communication

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  1. Chapter 6: Language and Communication

    Slide Template
  2. The Perception of print
  3. Stages in Word Perception Models of visual word recognition (e.g. Pandemonium model) are bottom-up driven: from features to letters, to words.
  4. Stages in Word Perception The features as a unit: Visual search Importance of features The letter as a unit: Automatic processing Familiarity and perceptual experience The word as a unit: Word shape A function of word frequency and familiarity consistency
  5. Top-Down Processing: Context and Redundancy Context effects in reading & ‘guessing’ the letters within the word Top-down processing in letter recognition & interpreting ambiguous features Word superiority effect the phenomenon that people have better recognition of letters presented within words as compared to isolated letters and to letters presented within nonword (orthographically illegal, unpronounceable letter array) strings
  6. Top-Down Processing: Context and Redundancy Combination of bottom-up and top-down processing.
  7. Reading: From Words to Sentences Visual scanning For difficult text, fixations get longer, saccades get shorter, and regressions are more common Top down influences on reading. Preceding and proceeding words Cognitive processes involved in understanding Working memory constraints
  8. APPLICATIONS OF UNITIZATION AND TOP-DOWN PROCESSING
  9. Unitization Advantages of automatic processing Role of training and experience Lower versus upper case text perception Tall-Man lettering Acronymsand abbreviations
  10. Context-Data Trade-offs Implications for design of text displays and code systems.
  11. Code Design: Economy versus Security Shannon-Fano principle and Zipf’s Law Guidance for email address design Security versus efficiency trade-offs. Redundancy in code design
  12. RECOGNITION OF OBJECTS
  13. Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing Theories of object recognition.
  14. Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing Proactive brain Combination of top-down and bottom-up processes Role of context in object recognition
  15. Pictures and Icons Icon concreteness, visual complexity, semantic distance and familiarity
  16. Sounds and Earcons Earcons Auditory icons Spearcons
  17. comprehension
  18. Instructions Legal jargon and comprehension
  19. Instructions Writing instructions Readability formulas Advantages Limitations
  20. Command Versus Status Advantages and disadvantages When to use Redundancy Example: TCAS
  21. Linguistic Factors Negatives Why to avoid use of negative phrases Absence of cues Presence versus absence of information Congruence and order reversals Effects on working memory load
  22. Working Memory Load Propositions maintained in working memory Reinstatement used to refresh working memory
  23. MULTIMEDIA INSTRUCTIONS
  24. The Optimal Medium Text versus pictures
  25. Redundancy and Complementarity Picture-text complementarity Relationship to theory of Cognitive Load Placement of pictures and written text Spatial contiguity Presentation of pictures and spoken text Temporal contiguity
  26. Realism of Pictorial Material Realism versus effectiveness Realism of animations
  27. Product warnings
  28. Product Warnings Existing standards and guidance for product warning design Four information processing stages Notice, read, understand and compliance Calibration of seriousness and compliance with warnings Cost of compliance
  29. Speech perception
  30. Representation of Speech Fourier analysis and spectral representation
  31. Units of Speech Perception Phonemes Analogous to the letter unit in reading. Invariance problem Syllables The basic unit of speech perception Words & the segmentation problem
  32. Top-Down Processing of Speech Mechanisms to mitigate the invariance and segmentation problems Differences in older adults and bilinguals Synthetic speech
  33. Applications of Voice Recognition Research Design of speech recognition systems Prediction of effects on speech comprehension of distortion and noise
  34. Applications of Voice Recognition Research Articulation index, speech intelligibility and speech intelligibility index.
  35. Communications Non-verbal communications Differences between face-to-face and voice-only communications Video-mediated communications Effects of head only, head and shoulders on communication Video-based team work and group decision making
  36. Communications Crew Resource Management and Team Situation Awareness Effectiveness of programs Impact of the concept of TSA within CRM programs
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