Hiroshima, 27July 2005

1. 55th Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs The Status of Human Security : 60 Years after the Atomic Bombs Hiroshima, 27July 2005 Prof M.S. Swaminathan President, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs

2. Why are we human beings still treading such a foolish and pernicious path? What can we gain from the spiraling arms race? With much regret, I have to state that even scientists gathering at Pugwash Conferences in pursuit of world peace cannot avoid some responsibility for this matter. One of the fundamental causes for the present awful situation of the arms race, I think, is that we have rejected as unrealistic the original idea of Bertrand Russell that nuclear weapons are an absolute evil and must be eliminated. Another fatal cause may be that we have been so indolent, if not rather timid, in pursuit of a new world order where one can live without armaments Hideki Yukawa 1907-1981

3. I have to bring to your notice a terrifying reality; with the development of nuclear weapons, man has acquired, for the first time in history, the technical means to destroy the whole of civilization in a single act, indeed the whole human species is endangered, by nuclear weapons or by other means of wholesale destruction which further advances in science are likely to produce. Joseph Rotblat 1955

4. Scientists can no longer stand aloof from the question of whether their work will be used to wreck or to re-create civilization, even though they can scarcely have the deciding voice. Radiations cause mutations in genetic material and can thereby cause harm to the generations yet to be born Hermann J Muller 1890 - 1967

5. 60 Years after HiroshimaVoices of the Survivors Ms. Shigeko Sasamori ( 73 years), “Let my body remind you how those who survive would look like, if the world’s leaders do not have the sanity to abolish nuclear weapons.” (New Mexico, July 18, 2005, 60th anniversary of the Atomic Tests)

6. Mr. Akihiro Takahashi (76 years old), “Words can never describe the horror. Hatred breeds hatred. Compulsory and life long education on the folly of wars and the indescribable cruelty of nuclear weapons is essential. (55th Pugwash Conference, Hiroshima, July 23, 2005)”

7. Wake Up Call • There is a growing violence in the human heart. Hence, urgent steps are needed to heal wounds and restore harmony within the human family. • Avoid the possibility of a horrible shift from Nuclear Weapons States to Nuclear Weapons Groups and Individuals, by heeding to the Russel-Einstein warning, “Shall we instead choose death, because we cannot forget our quarrels.”

8. First Steps on the Road to Pugwash • Early in 1954, Jawaharlal Nehru, then Prime Minister of India, “called for the setting up of a Committee of Scientists to explain to the world the effect a nuclear war would have on humanity” (Pugwash History Series, No 1, p. 22) • This idea was taken up and in the spring of 1954, Joseph Rotblat and Eugene Rabinowitch polled leaders in the scientific organizations of the desirability of organizing an international conference on science and world affairs. Thus was born the Pugwash Conferences.

9. Towards a Nuclear-Peril Free World Five Steps • Step 1: All nations with nuclear weapons should adopt during 2005 a legally mandatory policy of “no first use for nuclear weapons”, as homage to the survivors of the nuclear tragedy of 1945.

10. Step 2: • Respect commitments to the nuclear non-proliferation treaty (NPT) • Ratify Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) • Conclude a Fissile Material Cut Off Treaty • Ban all research relating to the development of new nuclear weapons

11. Step 3: Conclude a Nuclear Weapons Convention outlining a road map for getting to Zero by 2025, somewhat on the lines suggested by Dr John Holdren.

12. Step 4: Avoid prospects for nuclear terrorism and adventurism by eliminating all unsecured nuclear fissile material and by implementing the concrete steps proposed by Pugwash for the elimination of highly enriched uranium (Pugwash Issue Brief, Vol 3, No 1, April 2005).

13. Step 5: Because of the multi-dimensional threats posed to human security by climate change, and the consequent need for reducing green house gas emissions, interest and investment in nuclear power plants are growing. The civilian uses of atomic energy are likely to grow.

14. Step 5 (continued): Hence, the UN may convene an International Conference on the Civilian Uses of Atomic Energy with technical help from Pugwash to develop a Code of Conduct to ensure the non-military use of nuclear fuels and to further strengthen safeguards and the inspection role and capacity of IAEA.

15. Hiroshima Peace Declaration 2005 Generating the Political Will and Action Essential for a Nuclear-Peril Free World • Democratic systems of governance are fast spreading in the world, which involve the holding of free and fair elections periodically. • Develop a Hiroshima-Nagasaki 60th Anniversary Manifesto which calls upon all political parties in every country to include in their next election manifesto a firm commitment to work for speedy nuclear disarmament with the view to achieve a nuclear-peril free world, as soon as feasible. The help of the Inter-Parliamentary Union could be taken.

16. Education and Social Mobilisation • Over 4 billion of the present human population of 6,5 billion were born after World War II. Education is vital to sensitise them to the horror of nuclear warfare. • Public understanding of the terrible consequences of atomic bombs is currently inadequate for generating the needed political commitment to nuclear disarmament • Student/Young Pugwash members should be become the torchbearers of this movement for a nuclear peril free world • All governments should be required through UNESCO to include in school curricula an item relating to the consequences of the use of nuclear weapons in Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 and in Nagasaki on August 9, 1945, so that students can become messengers of peace and harmony

17. The Great Bengal Famine 1942-43 Non-Military threats to human security

18. Science and The UN Millennium Development Goals Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women Goal 4: Reduce child mortality Goal 5: Improve maternal health Goal 6: Halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development

19. Community Food Security System Conservation - Cultivation - Consumption Water Bank Gene Bank Seed Bank Grain Bank Initiative of Tribal Women of Koraput District, Orissa

20. Pugwash and Non-Military Threats to Human Security • UN Millennium Development Goals • Bioperils • HIV/Aids-Tuberculosis • Influenza • SARS • Bio- and biochemical terrorism • Environmental damage, with particular reference to climate change • agricultural productivity in Africa and Latin-America could fall as much as 30% in this century due to climate change • Current pattern of jobless economic growth leading to increasing unemployment and frustration among youth

21. Era of Sharing of Genetic Resources Fultz (U.S. winter wheat, high yield) Daruma (Japanese semi-dwarf) X Fultz-Daruma (semi-dwarf, high yield) Turkey Red (U.S. winter, high yield) X Norin 10 (semi-dwarf, winter, high yield) (Dr Gonziro Inazuka in 1935) Locals (adapted to U.S. Northwest) X Gaines (semi-dwarf, winter, U.S. adpted) X Local Strains New Wheats (semi-dwarf, high yield, adaptable, rust-resistant, fast-maturing,spring)

22. Access to Genetic Resources and Biotechnologiesfor Food and Agriculture Genetic Resources(building blocks) Biotechnologies(tools) Benefit-sharing(collective rights)(e.g. Farmers’ Rights and the Global Plan of Action) Intellectual Property Rights (individual rights) % (e.g. Plant Breeder’s Rights) Commercial Products(market value)$ WIPOWTO/TRIPS (Art. 27.3.b)UPOV FAO – International Treaty – Art, 9(also Art. 12 &13) CBD – Art, 8 (j) Sui generis Systems(Rights)

23. Biodiversity & Molecular Breeding : Mangroves “There are no useless plants” - Charaka

24.  Gene Deployment for Drought Tolerance Prosopis juliflora has wide adaptation to water stress and drought conditions Used as source material for drought tolerant genes Control 36 days of water withdrawal Preparing for adverse changes in precipitation

25. Biotechnology and Organic Agriculture 2) Water Quality 1) Soil Health 3) Plant Health • Bioremediation • Vermiculture • Bio-fertilisers • Stem nodulating green manure crops • Genetic Resistance • Biopesticides Organic Farming 6) Environment 4) Post-harvest Technology • Biomonitoring through Bio-indicators • Higher Carbon Sequestration • New strains with improved keeping, processing and transport qualities 5) Animal Health • Vaccines • High quality feeds and fodder IFOAM : Genetic Engineering is excluded in organic agriculture

26. The Way Ahead Our ability to achieve a paradigm shift from green to an ever-green revolution and our ability to face the challenges of global warming and sea level rise will depend upon our ability to harmonise organic farming and the new genetics.

27. Biotechnology and Pathway to Bio-happiness • Choice of Research Problems and Priorities • Evaluation and Technology Assessment • Environmental Safety • Food Safety in relation to Human and Animal Health • Liability and Compensation • Social inclusion

28. Launching a Genetic Literacy Movement A network for initiating genetic and legal literacy among school children and women and men members of elected local bodies in relation to biodiversity and biotechnology

29. Nobel Prize in Physiology - 1948 For his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods Immediate Impact : Control of Malaria Paul Hermann Muller (1899-1965)

30. Environment and Development : Early Warning Rachel Carson 1962 : Silent Spring “Man has lost the capacity to foresee and to forestall. He will end by destroying the earth” - Albert Schweitzer Origin of Integrated Pest Management Methodologies

31. Basic Principles of Natural Farming • No cultivation • No Chemical Fertilizer or Prepared Compost • No Weeding by Tillage or Herbicides • No Dependence on Chemicals

32. “I feel as if we in Japan are living in the shadow of a big tree, and there is no place more dangerous to be during a thunderstorm than under a big tree. And there could be nothing more foolish than taking shelter under a “nuclear umbrella”

33. Microbial Fertilizers and Pesticides Pesticide Market Western Europe : 26.7% South/South East Asia : 26.7% North America : 21.9%

34. Jamsetji Tata National Virtual Academy for Rural Prosperity [NVA] ICT-enabled knowledge flow Lab to Lab, Lab to Land, Land to Lab, Land to Land Uplink Satellite Web based interactive portal State Level Hub (MSSRF) Data Managers (both connectivity and content) Data Generators & Providers Data Users (Rural families) Block level hub

35. Internet Radio - Synergy M S S R F Cable Radio Educational Institutions Community Radio

36. Mrs Sridevi, daughter of landless labour parents, is actively involved in ICT-based literacy programmes. A good social organizer, Ms Sridevi is successfully running a women’s self help group, and is also providing important market information to the farmers in the village. She has set up a screen-printing unit in the village, and helped in enhancing the income of the members. She is acting as a bridge between the villagers and the education department of the State. Fellow of VARP Prime Movers of Rural Knowledge Revolution Fellows are elected by a Peer-Review Process

37. Mrs D Usha Rani is a keen health worker, and has organized several medical camps in the village, and brought an awareness about AIDS and de-addiction of alcoholics in the village. She is truly an eye-opener to the villagers. With help from an eye hospital, she has been routinely testing the eyes of the villagers, and restored clear vision to more than 100 people in the village. She is a keen naturopath, and is helping the farmers in offering herbal remedies to the common livestock maladies. Fellow of NVA Prime Movers of Rural Knowledge Revolution

38. Potential Fishing Zone DetailsPartnership: Indian National Center for Ocean Information Services

39. http://www.nemoc.navy.mil/Library/Metoc/Indian+Ocean/Bay+of+Bengal/Models/Swaps/Sig+Wav+Ht+and+Dir+Series/index.htmlhttp://www.nemoc.navy.mil/Library/Metoc/Indian+Ocean/Bay+of+Bengal/Models/Swaps/Sig+Wav+Ht+and+Dir+Series/index.html Life saving role of VKC during Tsunami (26 December 2004)- VEERAMPATTINAM

40. International Year for the Culture of Peace - 2000 Peace Dividend ? UNCOMMON OPPORTUNITIES An Agenda for Peace and Equitable Development THE REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON PEACE AND FOOD

41. “Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket signifies in the final sense, a theft from those who are hungry and are not fed, from those who are cold and are not clothed.” “The world in arms is not spending money alone. It is spending the sweat of its labourers, the genius of its scientists, the hopes of its children”. Dwight D Eisenhower President of the United States August 16, 1953

42. 2005 : International Year of Physics “Concern for man himself and his fate must always form the chief interest of all technical endeavours in order that the creation of our minds shall be a blessing and not a curse” Albert Einstein & Bertrand Russell, 1955 “Remember your humanity and forget the rest. If you can do so, the way is open to a new paradise; if you cannot, there has before you the risk of universal death”.

43. 60 Years after Hiroshima and NagasakiEcstasy and Agony • For 60 years, nuclear weapons have existed but have not been used. This is a tribute to the work of Pugwash and many other civil society organisations. • Unfortunately, we are now entering an unchartered territory in human conflicts and retribution. At least to prevent the potential non-State use of nuclear weapons, Nuclear Weapon States should not lose even a day in working towards the goal of Zero in the existence of nuclear arsenals