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High-level Programming Languages

High-level Programming Languages. Joshua 5D(9). Advantages for using high-level Programming Languages. Instructions are more English-like (Easier for human to understand and learn) A single instruction can define many operation at the machine level (Shorten the length of code to type).

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High-level Programming Languages

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  1. High-level Programming Languages Joshua 5D(9)

  2. Advantages for using high-level Programming Languages • Instructions are more English-like(Easier for human to understand and learn) • A single instruction can define many operation at the machine level(Shorten the length of code to type)

  3. Disadvantages for using high-level Programming Languages • Required to converted to machine languages before execution

  4. Third-generation Languages(3GL) • 3GLs are procedural languages (step-by-step ) • For business (COBOL) • For beginners (BASIC, Pascal) • For scientific purpose (FORTRAN) • For Server-side program (PHP) • Most popular and multipurpose (C language)

  5. Third-generation Languages(3GL) • COBOLADD YEARS TO AGE • Pascalage := age + years • C languageage += years

  6. Fourth-generation Languages(4GL) • 4GLs are declarative languages(Much closer to the natural languages) • Designed for solving specific problems • For Database management system (DBMS) :FoxPro, DBase, Structured Query Language (SQL)

  7. Fourth-generation Languages(4GL) More English like DBMS platform is provided and so 4GL can be easily written and run on it

  8. 3GL and 4GL • 3GL development methods are slow and error-prone (easy to make error) • Some applications could be developed more rapidly by adding a higher-level programming language and methodology which would generate the equivalent of very complicated 3GL instructions with fewer errors • 4GL projects are more oriented toward problem solving and systems engineering

  9. 3GL and 4GL • All 4GLs are designed to reduce programming effort, the time it takes to develop software • Also, 4GL is design for people with little programming knowledge instead of a programmer to write the program • it is impossible to frequently ask for a programmer to develop a function for a specific searching purpose

  10. 3GL and 4GL • 4GL are not always successful in this task, sometimes resulting in worse code • Like using SQL for calculating complex number • However, given the right problem, the use of an appropriate 4GL can be successful

  11. Fifth-generation Languages(5GLs) • Logic programming • A declarative language to develop artificial intelligence (AI) programs and expert systems • Prolog, LISP

  12. Fifth-generation Languages(5GLs) • Example: Prolog • Two types of clauses: Facts and Rules • Facts: cat(tom). There is a cat call Tom. • Rule: cat(tom) :- true. There is a cat call Tom is ture.

  13. Fifth-generation Languages(5GLs) • Given the above fact, one can ask:is tom a cat??- cat(tom). Yes • what things are cats??- cat(X). X = tom

  14. Compiler • A program that translates the whole high-level program into a machine program, which can be executed independently. • Different programming language have different compiler.

  15. Compiler Compiler Editor Analyzes the language statements syntactically one by one Enter the codes Build the output code (object code /object module) in machine language Save the file (Source Program)

  16. Interpreter • Translates and executes one instruction at a time • Execution speed is slower because it takes time to translate the instruction during execution • No object program is generated. The source is needed every time for execution.

  17. Interpreter • Can immediately execute high-level program • Test the part of program you wants quickly without compilation of the whole program

  18. Interpreter Translates one instruction from source file executes the instruction

  19. Java • If a Java .class program (compiled) is downloaded from a web page, it will be interpreted by the virtual machine (a plug-in installed in the browser as an interpreter) • This can make Java cross platform

  20. Java Server client Enter the Java codes Download the Java .class program Compiled it to a Java .class program Interpreted by virtual machine (Different OS, different plug-in ) Execute the interpreted program

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