The Market Revolution

1. The Market Revolution Chapter 9

2. U.S Markets Expand In early 19th century, most American workers produced their own goods & traded to meet their own needs or self-sufficiency. By mid-century, workers shifted to specialization ( raising one or two crops they could sell)

3. Market Revolution Specialization led to a market revolution ( buying & selling goods rather than making them for their own good) This created a major change in US economy Goods & services multiplied while income rose In the 1840�s alone, the economy grew more than it had in 40 years

4. Capitalism An economic system in which private businesses & individuals control production Other business minded people supplied their own funds to to create capital These �investors� were called entrepreneurs, which means �to undertake� They risked their own money in new industries

5. The Inequities of Capitalism In the mid-1800�s many business people prospered, but many of their workers did not Main reason: companies paid low wages to keep their costs down In time, the federal government established a minimum wage, which is the minimum a company can pay a worker

6. New Inventions Inventor-Entrepreneurs began to develop goods to make life more comfortable Examples: Charles Goodyear: Vulcanized Rubber Elias Howe: Sewing Machine Mechanized farm equipment Manufactured items also grew less & less expensive as technology advances lowered the price of production

7. Impact on Communication Most Important Invention: Telegraph Created by Samuel F.B. Morse in 1837 It carried messages taped in code across copper wire Within ten years, this connected most of the larger cities on the East Coast In 1854, 23,000 miles of telegraph wire crossed the country

8. Impact on Transportation Better & faster transportation will become essential to the expansion of agriculture and industry. Water transportation was particularly important in moving machinery, lead, & copper Where waterways didn�t exist, workers excavated them

9. Erie Canal Nation�s first major canal Would join the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean Clinton DeWitt (NY politician) will be responsible for it�s construction Construction began in 1817, lasted 8 years, and cost $7 million Critics called it �Clinton�s Ditch� Benefits included: cut transportation charges, Stimulated growth of cities, & opened trade with the West

10. Emergence of Railroads Although shipping by railroad cost much more than by canals they offered several advantages: Offered the advantage of speed Trains could operate in the winter Were able to bring goods to people who lived inland By 1850, 10,000 miles of track had been laid

11. Manifest Destiny Section 2

12. Manifest Destiny Many Americans used the phrase �manifest destiny� to express their belief that the United States� destiny was to expand to the Pacific Ocean & into Mexico They believed that this action was �obvious� or �necessary� Reasons for moving West: farming, mining, merchants

13. Black Hawk Was chief of the Sauk Tribe Led a rebellion against the United States called the Black Hawk War It resulted in a loss when Illinois militia slaughtered more than 200 tribal members Black Hawk, himself, escaped the massacre, but later turned himself into U.S. troops Federal officials allowed him to return to his tribe, but prohibited him from assuming any leadership roles

14. Treaty of Fort Laramie Established in 1851 The treaty provided Native Americans control of the Central Plains In turn, these Natives promised not to attack settlers and allow construction of roads construction of government forts & roads The government would also make annual payments to Native Americans

15. Middle Ground Middle ground is area not dominated by Native Americans or settlers As long as settlers needed Native Americans as trading partners and guides, relations btwn the settlers and Native Americans could be beneficial Middle ground was west of Mississippi, result of 1830 Indian Removal Act

16. Trails West Santa Fe Trail: one of the busiest & most well known; 780 miles long It went from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe, New Mexico Settler would band in large groups due to fear of Indian attacks However, the teamwork displayed on the journey ended when they arrived in Santa Fe due to competition between traders entering New Mexico

17. Oregon Trail In 1836, two explorers named Marcus & Narcissa Whitman made their way into Oregon Territory Their main purpose was to set up mission schools to convert Native Americans to Christianity & educate them Some of the same paths that were used in the Lewis & Clark expedition several decades earlier By 1844, about 5,000 American settlers had arrived in Oregon.

18. Life & Death on the Oregon Trail Settlers who traveled west faced several epidemic diseases, such as cholera No treatment for these diseases at the time, and those stricken often died within 24 hours Was not uncommon to leave a dying person by the side of the road The dying person was left with a �watcher� whose job was to dig a �soon to be needed� grave, often while the victim watched

19. Mormon Migration & Territorial Disputes The Mormon Migration � One of the groups that traveled westward was called Mormons Mormons�religious group, settles in Illinois; clashes over polygamy Joseph Smith formed Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in NY � Brigham Young, Smith�s successor, leads Mormons outside U.S. - settle near Great Salt Lake, Utah Resolving Territorial Disputes � 1842, Webster-Ashburton Treaty settles border in East, Midwest � �Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!� slogan calls for annexation of Oregon

20. Expansion in Texas Section 3

21. Americans Settle in the Southwest The Mission System Before Mexico had won its independence in 1821, Spain�s system of Roman Catholic missions tried to convert Native Americans to Catholicism & settle them on missions lands. To protect the missions, Spaniards manned nearby presidios. The Impact of Mexican Independence Mexico encourages trade between U.S. and northern provinces As a result, trade opportunities btwn Mexico & U.S. multiplied; they sought to improve their economy Native American groups began to the threaten scattered Mexican settlements; Apache & Comanche

22. Americans settle the Southwest continued� Mexico Invites U.S. Settlers To protect their territory, Mexico encouraged U.S. farmers to settle in Texas In 1821, 23, & 24, Mexico offered enormous large grants to agents, who were called empresarios. They, in return, attracted American settlers who eagerly bought cheap land to reside Mexico Invites U.S. Settlers To protect their territory, Mexico encouraged U.S. farmers to settle in Texas In 1821, 23, & 24, Mexico offered enormous large grants to agents, who were called empresarios. They, in return, attracted American settlers who eagerly bought up cheap land to reside

23. Texas fights for Independence �Come to Texas� Cultural differences arise between Anglos and Mexico: - Anglos speak English, not Spanish - Southerners brought slaves; Mexico had already abolished slavery In 1830s, Anglos greatly outnumber Tejanos Mexican president Antonio L�pez de Santa Anna imprisoned Austin - revoked local powers; rebellions erupted, including Texas Revolution �Remember the Alamo!� Santa Anna marches to Texas; Austin told the Texans to arm themselves Santa Anna stormed into an old mission Alamo; all 187 U.S. defenders killed

24. New Jersey fights for Freedom continued: The Lone Star Republic � Sam Houston defeated and captured Santa Anna at Battle of San Jacinto � Santa Anna was set free after he signed the Treaty of Velasco which granted independence to Texas (April 1836) � Houston becomes president of the Republic of Texas Texas Joins the Union � 1838, Houston invited U.S. to annex, or incorporate, Texas � South favored the annexation, whereas the North opposed it; Texas became a state in 1845

25. The War with Mexico Section 4

26. Polk Urges War Hostilities btwn the US & Mexico reignited over the American annexation of TX These countries might have been able to solve their issues peacefully except for the territorial aspirations of the U.S. president James R. Polk He believed that war w/ Mexico would bring not only Texas into the Union, but also New Mexico & California Slidell�s Rejection Polk sent John Slidell to buy Southwest & negotiate Texas border After Slidell was refused, Polk gave orders to General Zachary Taylor to blockade the Rio Grande Popular military leader during the war with Mexico This was due to his numerous victories

27. The War Begins Polk Provokes War U.S. repeatedly violated Mexico�s territorial rights Mexicans & U.S. soldiers had a skirmish near Matamoros; 9 Americans killed Polk sent war message to Congress, withheld facts Congress approves war, stifles opposition Kearny Marches West Polk orders Colonel Stephen Kearny to march to Santa Fe New Mexico surrenders to U.S. without a fight Nicknamed the �long marcher� because he & his troops marched over 800 miles Although he was successful as a military leader, he was highly unpopular with the public

28. The War Begins continued: The Republic of California 1830s, 12,000 Mexican settlers in California; 1840s, 500 Americans John C. Fremont proclaims Republic of California in 1846 Fr�mont was joined by Kearny, Commodore John D. Sloat�s naval expedition The War in Mexico U.S. had many military victories; Mexican troops had poor leadership & guidance Invasion of Mexico led by generals Zachary Taylor, Winfield Scott Polk helped Santa Anna regain power, but Santa Anna fought U.S. Santa Anna had promised that he would help resolve the border dispute

29. America Gains The Spoils of War Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo U.S. and Mexico signed Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 -Texas border was set at Rio Grande - Mexico ceded western lands for to U.S. for $15 million War enlarged U.S. territory by about one-third 5 yrs later, Franklin Pierce authorized 1853 Gadsden Purchase, sets final border of lower 48 states Taylor�s Election in 1848 Democrats divided over extension of slavery Whig nominee, war hero Zachary Taylor easily wins election His victory would soon be overshadowed by one of America�s newest discoveries.

30. The California Gold Rush The Rush Begins � 1848, gold was discovered at Sutter�s Mill in California Sierra Nevadas � San Francisco residents abandon city to pan for gold � Gold rush, or migration of prospectors to California in 1849 � Forty-niners, gold prospectors who came from Asia, South America, Europe Gold Rush Brings Diversity By 1849, California�s population exceeded 100,000 The Chinese, free blacks, & Mexicans migrated in large numbers Slavery was permitted until it was outlawed in 1849 by a constitutional convention California joined Union in 1850

31. The End

32. Politics in Slavery: Differences between the North & South When the Constitution was adopted, it was said that the states had �perfect equilibrium� However, these ways were no longer in existence At any rate, the two sections developed two completely different ways of life North: Industry South: Agriculture

33. Industry & Immigration in the North The North industrialized rapidly as factories turned out high numbers of products Ex. textiles; sewing machines, farm equipment, guns Railroads were a huge influence on the rapid growth for the following reason(s) (1) carried raw materials eastward (2) carried manufactured products & settlers westward Immigrants from Europe played a large role in this as well as they tended to settle in urban areas

34. Agriculture & Slavery in the South Unlike the North, the south remained a rural society that relied on stable crops such as cotton & tobacco During this time, the South produced 10% of the nation�s manufactured goods Instead of railroads, the South mostly used waterways for transportation Few immigrants settled in the South, because the only work available was that of laborers Immigrants who settled in the South, highly opposed slavery The conflict over slavery worried the Southerners because in most southern states, the black population made up 50%-75%

35. Slavery in the Territories The Wilmot Proviso: meant that California, Utah, & New Mexico would be closed to slavery forever This was a political dynamite because it took a stand against slavery that the South could not allow The slavery issue was intertwined with manifest destiny & natural expansion because the South was determined to keep at least a political balance in the Senate between free/slave states

36. Statehood for California As result of the gold rush, California skipped the territorial part of becoming a state Their new government outlawed slavery This angered the south because they assumed that the majority of California was below the Missouri Compromise line

37. Debates in the Senate The 31st Congress opened in December 1849 Major Discussions: California, Texas, New Mexico The District of Columbia was a huge disagreement because the North demanded the abolition of slavery The South argued that the North failed to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act As a result, the South threatened to succeed

38. Henry Clay Was nicknamed �The Great Compromiser� for his prominent role in resolving three national crisis (1) Missouri Compromise of 1820 (2) Compromise Tariff of of 1833 (3) Compromise of 1850 In the 1844, Clay saw the annexation of TX as the threatening the balance of free/slave states and opposed the annexation Polk supported the annexation and won

39. Compromise of 1850 To satisfy the South, the compromise proposed a new and more effective slave law (Fugitive Slave Act) To satisfy the North, the compromise provided that California be provided to the Union as a free state To satisfy both: the compromise granted popular sovereignty (states that residents in territories can vote for or against slavery)

40. Calhoun, Clay & Webster 3 of the greatest speakers to ever serve in the Senate (which they dominated for over 30 years) All 3 had presidential ambitions, but failed The Success of the Compromise was mainly due to Webster In a speech, he backed the Compromise because his concern for the Union outweighed his antipathy to slavery He paid a political price in anti-slavery New England where they were strongly against the Compromise

41. Stephen A. Douglas Was a skilled legislator who helped get the Compromise passed when many believed that a compromise was no longer possible Was elected to the Senate in 1846 and focused on the slavery issue the entire time he was in office Douglas is responsible for the idea of popular sovereignty

42. Fugitive Slave Act A component of the Compromise of 1850 Terms of the Act: Alleged fugitives were not allowed trial by jury They could not testify on their own behalf A statement by a slave owner was all that was required to have a slave returned Anyone helping a slave would be fined $1,000 or receive 6 months in jail As a result, the North passed personal liberty laws (these forbade the imprisonment of runaway slaves & guranteed a jury trial

43. Underground Railroad A secret network of people (free blacks & white abolitionists) who would aid fugitive slaves in their escape The �conductors� hid slaves in secret tunnels & provided them with water & food until the next step in their journey Most famous conductor: Harriet Tub man

44. Harriet Tubman She escaped from slavery in 1849 after her owner died She made 19 trips on the Underground Railroad and is credited with freeing over 300 slaves, including her parents No slaves that she ever freed was recaptured She later became a key speaker for the abolitionist movement

45. Harriet Beecher Stowe Came from an accomplished family Had a long literary career as a novelist, essayist, and poet Lived in Cincinnati on the Ohio River It was here that she watched slave boats on the way to Kentucky, which caused her negative feeling toward slavery to increase

46. Uncle Tom�s Cabin Stowe�s book had a major influence on the national debate against slavery Uncle Tom�s Cabin was a melodramatic portrayal on the brutalities of slavery Best seller in the North & in England Principal cause in the South�s alienation from the North Sold 300,000 copies in the United States in the first year it was published

47. Kansas-Nebraska Act Introduced by Stephen Douglas Introduced a bill to divide the area in 2 territories When passed it would repeal the Missouri Compromise and establish �popular sovereignty� The South saw this opportunity to flood the area with supporters of slavery and convert the area to slave states The North advocated settlement by anti-slavery supporters What will happen to the peace just created by the Compromise of 1850?

48. Bleeding Kansas In March of 1855, Kansas had enough settlers to hold an election However, Missouri (slave state that bordered Kansas) had thousands of �border ruffians� cross into Kansas and vote illegally A fraudulent victory will be won in the favor of slavery

49. Pottawatomie Massacre John Brown was an extreme abolitionist and leader of the massacre Under the impression, that pro-slavery followers killed 5 abolitionists, he set out for revenge In the middle of the night, Brown & his men pulled 5 men from their beds, cut off their hands & stabbed them with broadswords People began calling the territory �Bleeding Kansas� because approximately 200 people were killed

50. Slavery & Secession Dred Scott: originally named Sam Blow Was born a slave in Virginia around 1795 Originally owned by Peter Blow, who took him north to live in Wisconsin & Illinois Once he died, Scott was sold to John Emerson, where he moved back to Missouri Once Emerson died, Dred Scott was left to Emerson�s brother in-law in New York (John Sanford)

51. Dred Scott v. Sanford At this point, Scott will begin a lawsuit to gain his freedom This was done by claiming he had become a free person by living in free territory for several years Court Ruling: The court ruled that slaves did not have rights, therefore could not be citizens & he had no claim to freedom because he had been living in Missouri when he began his suit After the court�s ruling he was sold back to the son of his original owner (the Blow family) & freed instantly

52. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates Douglas was the leading candidate for the Democratic nomination for the presidency in 1860 After winning the 1858 debate against Lincoln, Douglas wins re-election to the Senate This would be a costly victory for Douglas This was due to Lincoln�s sharp questioning and arguing which pushed Douglas further away from his position as a Democrat This will create a split in the Democratic party By his good showing in the debates, Lincoln also became the leading candidate for the Republican nomination in 1860

53. Positions & Arguments Douglas: believed in popular sovereignty (would allow slavery to end on is own), did not believe slavery was immoral Lincoln:believed that slavery was immoral; believe that without legislation, the spread of slavery would never cease in the colonies

54. Harpers Ferry Leader: John Brown, nicknamed �God�s Angry Man� Planned to seize the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry (1859), distribute the arms to slaves, & start a general slave uprising Had a groups which totaled 21 men, 5 of those who were black They held 60 of the towns prominent citizens hostage, but no slaves came forward�why not? Brown�s uprising had failed, but he had hopes that his action would start a war for abolition He was captured, tried for treason, & hung Many Northerners viewed him as a martyr for the cause of freedom

55. Lincoln Elected President Election of 1860 Lincoln emerged the winner, however his received less than half of the popular vote Won the electoral vote 180 to 123 He received no electoral votes from the South

56. New Political Parties Emerge By the end of 1856, the nation�s political landscape had changed The Whig Party had split over slavery & the Democrats were weak These weaknesses left the new Republican Party to move within striking distance of the presidency

57. Slavery Divides Whigs Divisions in the Whig Party were widened in 1852 when General Winfield Scott became the nominee for president Scott�s nomination was due to support from the northern Whigs (they opposed the Fugitive Slave Act and only half-way supported the Compromise of 1850) Southern Whigs, backed the compromise in order to appear both pro-slavery & pro-Union Because of Scott�s position, the Whig vote in the South fell from 50% to 35% With this drop in percentage, the election went to Democratic candidate Franklin Pierce

58. In 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska Act brought about the demise of the Whigs, who opposed positions involving slavery Unable to agree on a platform, Northern Whigs who sought a political alternative, as it southern members looked for a pro-slavery & Union party to join One alternative was the American Party, which had its roots in a secret organization called the Order of the Star-Spangled Banner Members of this society believed in nativism or the favoring of native-born Americans over immigrants They used secret handshakes and passwords and answered questions about their party by saying, �I know nothing� When it was officially formed in 1854, the American Party was better known as the Know-Nothing Party

59. Anti-Slavery Parties Form Two forerunners of the Republican emerged during the 1840�s The first was the tiny abolitionist party called the Liberty Party Their purpose was to pursue the cause of abolition by passing laws In 1848, the Free-Soil party was created, which opposed the extension of slavery in the territories Although, the Free-Soil Party failed to win any electoral votes in 1848, it did win 10% of the popular vote This showed that Northerners opposed slavery in the territories, even if they did not support the abolition cause entirely

60. Slavery Dominates Politics For strong leaders, slavery was a major issue It presented even more of a problem for President James Buchanan, whose was considered indecisive The first incident arose of March 6th, 1857, which dealt with the Dred Scott Decision

61. Dred Scott Decision The case concerned Dred Scott, a slave from Missouri His owner had taken him north of the Missouri Compromise line in 1834 For four years, they lived in free territory in Illinois and Wisconsin When they returned to Missouri, his owner died He began a lawsuit declaring that he had become a free person by living in a free territory for several years On March 6th, 1857 Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled that slaves did not have the rights of citizens They also said that he had no right to freedom because he was living in Missouri when he started his claim Lastly, they ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional By forbidding slavery in the territories, it interfered with a slaveholders� right to own property, which was protected by the 5th amendment

62. LeCompton Constitution In fall of 1857, the proslavery government at LeCompton, Kansas wrote a constitution and applied for admission to the Union At this time, President Buchanan made a poor decision by endorsing the proslavery constitution He did this because he owed his support to Southern support and believed that since Kansas had only about 200 slaves, the Free-Soilers were overreacting

63. Lincoln-Douglas Debates The summer of 1858 witnessed the start of Illinois�s greatest political contest It was the race for the Senate between Democratic incumbent Stephen A. Douglas and Republican challenger Abraham Lincoln To outsiders, it seemed an uneven match: Douglas was a two-term senator with an outstanding record; Lincoln was a self-educated man, who was a local lawyer and politician Their speaking styles were quite different: Douglas was self-confident and dramatic On the other hand, Lincoln delivered his speeches solemnly, using direct and plain language

64. Position & Arguments The men�s positions were simple and consistent Douglas deeply believed in popular sovereignty, which allowed residents of a territory to vote for or against slavery While Douglas believed that slavery was not immoral, he did believe that it was a backward labor system Lincoln believed that slavery was immoral--a labor system based strictly on greed The main difference between the two was the Douglas believed that popular sovereignty would allow slavery to pass away on its own, while Lincoln doubted that slavery would cease without legislation In the course of the debates, the candidates tried to distort the views of one another Lincoln tried to make Douglas look like a defender of slavery, while Douglas tried to make Lincoln look like an abolitionist In the end, Douglas won the Senate seat, but the debates had split the Democratic Party Republicans began to think of him as an excellent candidate for president in 1860

65. Board Questions 1. What was the response to John Brown�s raid in the North and the South? 2. How did John Brown�s execution further divide the country? 3. How Lincoln come to be nominated for president? 4. How did Lincoln win the election of 1860?

66. Page 300: Main Ideas, #1,3,5,7 Critical Thinking #1 Page 334: Main Ideas, #2,4,6,8