2nd year Medicine- May 2008

1. IBLS Clinical presentation 1 2nd year Medicine- May 2008 1

2. Objectives Describe iron metabolism. List the causes of iron deficiency. Describe the clinical features in iron deficiency anaemia. Describe the laboratory findings in a case of iron deficiency anaemia. Describe the management in a case of iron deficiency anaemia. 2nd year Medicine- May 2008 2

3. Case Scenario

4. A 35 year old woman presented to the outpatient clinic with history of easy fatigability for many months. Recently she has noticed that she is short of breath from even the slightest exertion. She also has experienced periods of light-headedness, though not to the point of fainting and the fact that her tongue is sore.

5. She is now 34 weeks pregnant with her 4th child in 5 years. She does not see any obstetrician and does not take any vitamins. Lately, she has developed pica for eating ice. She has regular bouts of vomiting due to the gastritis she developed since the beginning of her pregnancy.

6. Physical examination • Pale conjunctiva, pale gums, red swollen tongue, pale nail beds with mild spooning of nails, tachycardia, and a systolic murmur at the apex of the heart.

7. Investigations • Complete blood count (CBC). • Blood film (microcytic, hypochromic). • Serum iron (↓) and total iron binding capacity (↑). • Serum ferritin (low).

9. Blood film

10. Stool examination • Stools are negative for occult blood, ova & cyst.

11. Classification of anemia according to red cell size

13. Differential diagnosis of microcytic hypochromic anemia 2nd year Medicine- May 2008 13

14. What is Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) and how frequently does it occur? • Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia in every country of the world. • It is the most important cause of a microcytic hypochromic anemia in which the two red cell indices MCV (mean corpuscular volume) and MCH (mean corpuscular haemoglobin) are reduced and the blood film shows small (microcytic) and pale (hypochromic) red cells.

15. Iron is one of the most common elements in the Earth’s crust, yet iron deficiency is the most common cause of anaemia, affecting about 500 million people world wide (30% of world’s population).

16. This is because of the body’s limited ability to absorb iron and the frequent loss of iron owing to hemorrhage.

17. IRON METABOLISM

18. 2nd year Medicine- May 2008 18

19. Iron Absorption

21. Causes of Fe Deficiency anemia • Chronic blood loss: • Uterine • GIT e.g. peptic ulcer, aspirin or other NSAID intake, carcinoma of stomach or colon, hookworm, piles. • Increased demands (growth & pregnancy) • Decreased absorption e.g. enteropathy or gastrectomy • Poor intake 2nd year Medicine- May 2008 21

22. Clinical History • Dietary intake • Regular self-medication (NSAID) • Presence of blood in feces (piles, Ca colon) • In women: • duration of periods • Occurrence of clots • No. of sanitary pads used (normal 3-5/day)

23. Symptoms • Fatigue • Headaches • Faintness • Breathlessness • Palpitations • Angina • Intermittent claudication

24. Signs General: • Pallor • Tachycardia • Systolic flow murmur Specific (epithelial changes due to inadequate iron in cells): • Brittle nails • Spoon-shaped nails (koilonychia) • Angular stomatitis • Glossitis

25. Pallor

26. Spooning of nails(Koilonychia)

27. Spooning of nails

28. Brittle nails

29. Angular Stomatitis 2nd year Medicine- May 2008 29

30. Angular Stomatitis & Glossitis

32. Investigations • CBC • Blood film • Serum iron and total iron binding capacity • Serum ferritin • Other investigations: to determine the cause of the iron deficiency.

33. Normal peripheral blood smear showing a small lymphocyte. Normal RBC is about the size of a small lymphocyte

34. Blood film showing small (microcytic) and pale (hypochromic) RBC

36. Serum iron and iron binding capacity • Serum iron falls. • Total iron binding capacity increases

37. Serum ferritin • The level of serum ferritin reflects the amount of stored iron. • Low serum ferritin confirms the diagnosis of iron deficiency.

39. What treatment would you prescribe for this patient?  How soon should you expect a response?

40. Treatment • Ferrous sulphate given as a tablet containing 200mg of the salt (60mg ferrous iron) t.d.s. • A small proportion of patients develop nausea, constipation or diarrhea.

41. A response to oral medication usually appears in under 2 weeks. • The haemoglobin should rise by 1g /dl every 7-10 days. • If no response is seen, it may be that the patient is not taking the tablets. • A check may be made by examining the stool which will be grey or black if the patient is ingesting iron. • Iron should be continued for 3-6 months after the Hb has returned to normal to replenish iron stores.

42. Parenteral iron therapy • This is suitable for those very few patients: • who have general intolerance of oral preparations even at low doses. • Who are unable to absorb iron because of some disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. • In the late stages of pregnancy.

43. SUMMARY

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45. Take home message • Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is not a diagnosis per se. • The correct management of IDA is to find and treat the underlying cause, and to give iron to correct the anemia and replace iron stores.