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Chinese and mexican Revolutions

Unit 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments c1900 to the Present. Chinese and mexican Revolutions. Chinese revolution. Partner Discussion Question. What were some of the problems that Qing China was facing by 1900? Give TWO examples. Use the map for some extra insights!!!.

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Chinese and mexican Revolutions

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  1. Unit 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments c1900 to the Present Chinese and mexican Revolutions

  2. Chinese revolution

  3. Partner Discussion Question • What were some of the problems that Qing China was facing by 1900? Give TWO examples. Use the map for some extra insights!!!

  4. China Revolution - Background • China dominated by imperialist powers • Government = Conservative and anti-foreign (remember the Boxer Rebellion!) • BUT…Gov’t blamed for being weak due to the domination of foreigners

  5. Chinese Revolution (1911-1912) • Decline of the Qing • Failed to modernize China • Didn’t confront foreign powers • Series of uprising and revolts mostly fought by peasants (as is the case in the decline of EVERY Chinese dynasty) • Leadership of 1911 uprising is based on cooperation between intellectual elite (including Communists) and provincial Chinese warlords • The Guomingdang (Nationalist) Party is formed

  6. Group Discussion Question • What difficulties might a newly formed government face in China in 1912? Who would the government want to appeal to (peasants, industrialists, intellectuals, military, etc.)?

  7. China (Civil War) - Roots • 1912 - China becomes a republic under Sun Yat-sen • Chinese warlords overthrow the republican government and Sun Yat-Sen flees to Japan • Other warlords (old provincial governors) fight the Nationalist Party for power • 1928 – Sun Yat-sen’s successor, Chiang Kai-shek, eventually leads the Nationalists to power

  8. Chinese Civil War (Roots) Sun Yat-sen

  9. Chinese Civil War • Under Chiang Kai-shek living conditions of the peasants do not improve • Communists – supported by peasants • Nationalists were seen as corrupt and favoring the elite and business classes • The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, oppose the Nationalist government • Mao forms the Red Army to fight against the Nationalist government

  10. Chinese Civil War Mao Zedong Chiang Kai-Shek

  11. Group Discussion Question • What disadvantages did the Communist party and Red Army face in fighting against the Nationalists? What advantages did the Communist and Red Army have?

  12. Chinese Civil War • The Nationalists win many victories against the Communist Red Army • Chiang and his Nationalist army surround the Red Army • The Long March – Red Army retreats -started with 100,000 men and ends with 8,000 • 1939 - Communist and Nationalist join forces to fight against Japanese invasion • Saves the Communist movement

  13. The Long March

  14. Chinese Civil War • After WWII – Civil War continues • 1949 – Mao’s Communist forces defeat Chiang’s Nationalist forces • Communist forces used weapons given to them by the Nationalists to fight the Japanese • Increased support from the Soviet Union • Western democracies abandon support for Chiang • Chiang/Nationalists retreat to the island of Taiwan off the coast of China • Mao/Communists in charge of mainland China • Separation of China still exists today • Taiwan (Republic of China)

  15. Retreat of Nationalist Forces

  16. Partner Question • What did the Communists believe was needed for China to become self-sufficient in the post-World War II era? How might China achieve this goal? (HINT: Think about Japan in the 1880s!!!)

  17. China – Great Leap Forward • Chinese communists want to build a better, more industrialized economy • People worked in “communes” – large gov’t controlled cooperatives (work groups) • Peasants made steel in their backyards • Ultimately a disaster – 20 million people starved as production on farms slashed

  18. China – Great Leap Forward

  19. China – the Cultural Revolution • Ideological division in China’s Communist Party • Pragmatists – wanted practical reforms • Cultural Revolution – Mao’s attempt to take power away from pragmatists • Red Guards – students who supported Mao • Attacked teachers, people in authority • Red Guard uses extreme force to conduct the Cultural Revolution • 1968 – Mao uses Red Army to put a stop to the Cultural Revolution

  20. China – the Cultural Revolution

  21. China – the Four Modernizations • 1976 – Mao dies • Deng Xiaoping gained power • Four Modernizations • Improvements in agriculture, industry, science, defense • End commune system – some private property • Attract foreign investment • Create more efficient factories operating on principles of supply and demand

  22. China Deng Xiaoping

  23. Group Discussion Question • In the Four Modernizations, what aspect of the Chinese people’s lives is missing? What does Deng NOT address that the people may desire?

  24. China – Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989) • Deng’s policy led to free enterprise (state capitalism) – but no political freedoms • Students protested for more open political system in Tiananmen Square • Protest brutally put down by government • 1,000’s killed, many other imprisoned

  25. China – Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989)

  26. Mexican Revolution

  27. Partner Discussion Question • What aspect of Mexican society would have been most likely to have caused a political revolution? (HINT: Think about the early Latin American Revolutions in the early 1800s!!)

  28. Mexican Revolution - Background • Rigid social order remains • Creoles • Mestizos • Africans • Native Americans • United States has great influence over Mexican economy (railroads, oil production, banking) • Mexican Presidency – “job for life” position • President Porfirio Diaz looking to grow Mexican industry with foreign capital

  29. Porforio Diaz

  30. Mexican Revolution - Background • The Effects of the “Porfiriato” (or Policy of Porforio) • Foreign and Mexican owners discriminated against Mexican workers and Mexican middle class • Did nothing to improve the lives of the poorest Mestizos • Neglected education • Confiscated ejidos (or common lands)

  31. Ejidos

  32. Mexican Revolution • By 1910 – large portions of Mexican society fed up with Diaz • Political and social turmoil resulted • Diaz said he was ready to retire • Diaz reneges on his promise, jails his opponent (Francisco Madero), and the election results in widespread voter fraud • Revolts occur. • 1911 – Diaz is overthrown and exiled

  33. Mexican Revolution • Francisco Madero – despite being a wealthy landowner, promises agrarian reform • Doesn’t fulfill his promise • New rivals for influence among peasants/reformers emerge • Emiliano Zapata – organized peasants from southern Mexico • Francisco “Pancho” Villa – organized peasants from Northern Mexico

  34. Francisco Madero Emilio Zapata “Pancho” Villa

  35. The Mexican Revolution • Huerta and the US • 1913 - Victoriano Huerta overthrows Madero • Mexican general • Conspires with US Ambassador to overthrow the Madero gov’t • However, the US Gov’t doesn’t recognize this gov’t and sends forces to occupy the city of Vera Cruz (1914) • Carranza • The US backs Venustian Carranza, a politician more friendly to the US • Zapata and Villa both fight Huerta as well

  36. Mexican Revolution Victoriano Huerta Venustian Carranza

  37. The Mexican Revolution • Huerta is defeated and Carranza becomes President • Carranza begins to gain support of peasants with promises of a new constitution • Zapata and Villa now fight against Carranza • Villa conducts raids in southwestern US • US sends troops into Mexico to capture Villa but FAIL

  38. Chasing “Pancho” Villa US General Pershing

  39. Group Discussion Question • We have seen SEVERAL Mexican mini-revolutions… why do revolutions keep occurring? What does the new president and his government fail to do?

  40. The Mexican Constitution • Ratified on January 31st, 1917 • Universal suffrage • Restrictions on foreign ownership of Mexican land and industry • Limits work day to 8 hours • Establishes a minimum wage • Requires land reform

  41. Mexican Revolution - Aftermath • Zapata is tricked into capture and is executed in 1917 • Villa agrees to a peace deal with Carranza but is later assassinated in 1923 • Who gains? • Mexican middle class, some Mexican workers, Indian culture (e.g. murals of Diego Rivera) • PRI – the Institutionalized Revolutionary Party • Picks Mexican leaders • Little real democracy • Who gains the least? • Poorest Mexican agricultural workers • Poorly paid • Illiterate

  42. Diego Rivera

  43. Mexican Peasants

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