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Transnational Politics

Transnational Politics. Keohane/Nye, Introduction. Today. Registration, digitally aided name recognition , index card Attendance, papers, presentation, campaign item Two different views:

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Transnational Politics

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  1. Transnational Politics Keohane/Nye, Introduction

  2. Today • Registration, digitally aided name recognition, index card • Attendance, papers, presentation, campaign item • Two different views: • US-based: It’s easy! ethical trade (podcast from: Policy Innovations): forestry, mining, and fisheries. • European: It’s complex. BBC documentaries (Thursday) • Defining non-state actors (NSAs) • Theories of IR and transnationalism • Reading: Keohane/Nye 1971 Hans Peter Schmitz

  3. Non-state actors (NSAs) • What is transnationalism? • What are non-state actors (NSAs)? • Distinguishing from states and IGOs • What are the goals non-state actors pursue? • What are the means non-state actors use? • What roles do non-state actors play? Hans Peter Schmitz

  4. Definition: Transnational relations Transnational relations are “regular interactions across national boundaries when at least one actor is a non-state agent or does not operate on behalf of a national government or an intergovernmental organization.” (Thomas Risse-Kappen, Introduction, in Bringing Transnational Relations Back In: Non-State Actors, Domestic Structure and International Institutions, Cambridge University Press 1995, p. 3) Hans Peter Schmitz

  5. Challenging state-centrism • Keohane/Nye, 1971, xii • Four major types of transnational interactions: • Communication of ideas • Transportation (trade in goods and services) • Finance (FDI, investment) • Travel and movement of people (migration) Hans Peter Schmitz

  6. Effects of transnationalism Increase the sensitivity of societies to one another (1) and diffusion processes (2) resulting in (Keohane/Nye, xvi): • attitude changes • international pluralism (interest groups) • constraints on state actors increase (interdependence) • increasing ability of certain governments to influence other governments • emergence of autonomous actors with private foreign policies Hans Peter Schmitz

  7. Non-state actors in world affairs • Three types of transnational non-state actors: • Multinational Corporations • Non-Governmental Organizations (Global Civil Society) • Drug cartels, terrorists, arms traders, money launderer, human trafficker, etc. • How are non-state actors different from states or intergovernmental organizations? • In contrast to states, NGOs lack sovereign control over population and territory. • In contrast to IGOs, NGOs are not created by states. They are created by private citizens. Hans Peter Schmitz

  8. Classifying non-state actors • Transnational vs. local/national • Human Rights First vs. NAACP • Profit-making vs. not-for-profit • Exxon/GM vs. Greenpeace • Integrating vs. fragmenting purpose • Aga Khan Foundation vs. al-Qaeda • Membership vs. non-membership organization • Amnesty International vs. Human Rights Watch • Service versus advocacy organization • World Vision vs. Amnesty International • Faith-based vs. secular Hans Peter Schmitz

  9. Three types of authority Multinational corporations (for profit, commerce, market authority) Non-governmental organizations (not-for-profit, service and advocacy, moral authority), global civil society Drug cartels, terrorists, arms traders, traffickers (illicit, violent authority) Hans Peter Schmitz

  10. Market authority • Def.: MNCs are enterprises with commercial operations in more than one country. • 100 largest economies: 51 are MNCs and 49 are states. • In 1996, 405 out of 500 largest MNCs were headquartered in the Northern hemisphere: US (162), Japan (126), France (42), Germany (41), and Great Britain (34). • 1969: about 7,000 MNCs; 2005: 63,312 MNCs with 821,818 foreign affiliates. >> ILO information on MNCs Hans Peter Schmitz

  11. Illicit authority • Criminal networks: borders as a business opportunity; trafficking of weapons, humans, and drugs. • Piracy: the high seas as a stateless sphere; Somalia, South East Asia, etc. • Terrorism: the political use of violence and transnational relations Hans Peter Schmitz

  12. Why is transnational crime on the rise? • State failure: Proliferation of small arms; failing border controls, etc. • Globalization: increasing and faster financial and other transactions, etc. • Global inequalities: human trafficking, drug trade, etc. • Lack of inter-state cooperation: weak United Nations, lack of coordination among law enforcement, competing state interests, Hans Peter Schmitz

  13. Moral authority • Global civil society • Amnesty International, Oxfam, and Greenpeace • Campaigns against child labor, landmines, for the ICC • Transnational networks • Alternative to state and markets: Networks are non-hierarchical, horizontal exchanges based on shared goals/values. • NGOs, foundations, churches, media, unions, etc. • Increased and cheaper travel/communication. Hans Peter Schmitz

  14. Global NGO Growth,based on: Yearbook of International Organizations, Vol. 1, 1997/98 Hans Peter Schmitz

  15. NGOs at the United Nations • 1948: 40 NGOs with initial observer status at the UN • 2003: 2,379 NGOs at the UN with consultative status. • Graph of NGO growth at the UN (P. Willetts) Hans Peter Schmitz

  16. Service and advocacy • Service NGO: Provides direct services to a population (example: education, health) • World Vision, Save the Children, Oxfam. • Advocacy NGO: Lobbies for the rights and claims of others by publishing reports, lobbying, mobilizing the media and public. • Amnesty International, Greenpeace. Hans Peter Schmitz

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