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SIX QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED WHAT IS CORPORAL PUNISHMENT (CP)?

Soc 695 Family Violence Research In World Perspective Murray A. Straus SPANKING BY PARENTS: THE PRIMORDIAL VIOLENCE AND ITS EFFECTS ON CHILDREN. SIX QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED WHAT IS CORPORAL PUNISHMENT (CP)? HOW PREVALENT IS CP BY PARENTS IN AROUND THE WORLD?

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SIX QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED WHAT IS CORPORAL PUNISHMENT (CP)?

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  1. Soc 695 Family Violence Research In World Perspective Murray A. StrausSPANKING BY PARENTS: THE PRIMORDIAL VIOLENCE AND ITS EFFECTS ON CHILDREN • SIX QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED • WHAT IS CORPORAL PUNISHMENT (CP)? • HOW PREVALENT IS CP BY PARENTS IN AROUND THE WORLD? • ARE CHILDREN WHO ARE SPANKED REALLY HARMED? • IS CP SOMETIMES NECESSARY TO HAVE WELL-BEHAVED CHILDREN? • WHAT ARE THE TRENDS IN USE OF CP? • WHAT WOULD A WORLD WITHOUT CP BE LIKE?

  2. Question 1: WHAT IS CORPORAL PUNISHMENT (CP)? • A. USE OF PHYSICAL FORCE • B. WITH THE INTENTION OF CAUSING BODILY PAIN • C. BUT NOT INJURY • D. FOR PURPOSES OF CORRECTION OR CONTROL EXAMPLES • “SPANK,” “SMACK” • SLAP HAND • SHAKE, SHOVE, JERK • GRAB OR SQUEEZE HARD • TWIST EAR etc. • IF C AND D ARE PRESENT: A LEGALLY PERMITTED TYPE OF PHYSICAL ATTACK

  3. CORPORAL PUNISHMENT HAS BEEN THE NORM FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS, AND STILL IS ANCIENT ISRAEL: "He that spareth his rod hateth his son; but he that loveth him chasteneth him betimes Proverbs 13:24 "This son of ours is stubborn and rebellious. He will not obey us. He is a glutton and a drunkard. Then all the men of the town shall stone him to death. Deuteronomy 22;12 18th CENTURY ENGLAND:"When they turned a year old..., they were taught to fear the rod and to cry softly...." (Susanna Wesley to her son John, the founder of the Methodist Church, cited in Miller and Swanson 1958:10) 2001-2006 – Next Slide

  4. In rank order of national context total(VS01_1)`

  5. Question 2: How prevalent is CP

  6. WORLD VISION STUDY OFCHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT IN 5 COUNTRIES SAMPLE 971 household with a child at home in Romania, Kenya, Ghana, Thailand, and Brazil Stratified random sample. Mostly female respondents % From: World Vision (2001) Crying Out: Children And Communities Speak on Abuse and Neglect, Appendix B.

  7. THE PRIMORDIAL VIOLENCE Over 90% hit toddlers More than a third hit infants One out of four are still hitting at age 16 US national survey, 1,000 children, Straus & Stewart, 1999

  8. CORPORAL PUNISHMENT OF CHILDREN AGE 7-9, SAO PAULO, BRAZIL, 1999 (N=271) LOW SES PARENTS HIT MORE, BUT NOT MUCH MORE AVEZEDO1

  9. RATES FROM INTERVIEWING A NATIONAL SAMPLE OF CHILDREN, 2007* * Harris Internet Youth Survey

  10. 32 Nations In the International Dating Violence Study In rank order of national context total (VS01_1)

  11. CONCLUSION:CHILDREN IN MOST OF THE WORLD, ARE BROUGHT UP MORE VIOLENTLYTHAN IS GENERALLY REALIZED • MORE PREVALENT 94% of toddlers spanked (USA & UK) • MORE CHRONIC 3+ Times a week for toddlers • MORE SEVERE 28% Used a paddle, belt, etc. • LONGER DURATION 13 years for a third of US Children • 17 years for 14% of US children

  12. Question 3: ARE CHILDREN WHO ARE SPANKED • REALLY HARMED? • THE RESEARCH SHOWS THAT CP: • * Lowers the chances of many things all parents want for their children * Increases the risk of many serious and life-long problems • PARENTS CAN’T SEE WHAT THE RESEARCH SHOWS BECAUSE • * They have no way to know what the child will be like in the future • * Research can find this out because based on following children for years • * Therefore: Parents have to go on the basis of research which shows the harmful side effects of spanking • LIKE SMOKERS WHO ALSO CAN'T SEE WHAT THE EFFECTS ARE Both smokers and parents can only get information on the benefits of stopping from research

  13. WHAT THE RESEARCH SHOWSABOUT THE EFFECTS OF SPANKING • Slows mental development • Reduces academic performance in elementary school • Increases anger and aggressiveness • Increases probability of Depression • Lowers occupational achievement and income • Increases probability of violence against dating and marital partners • Increases probability of physical abuse of a child • RESULTS FROM SOME OF THE STUDIES SHOWING THESE EFFECTS

  14. GROWTH IN COGNITIVE ABILITY OF CHILDRENTWO YEARS LATER* Not spanked: increased faster than average AVERAGE Datafrom the National Longitudinal Survey Of Youth. 1,510 children CP41CHART 3 COGNITIVE

  15. SPANKED The more spanking the more antisocial behaviortwo years later CHANGE IN ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR NOT SPANKED Antisocial behavior measured two years later decreased * ADJUSTED FOR TIME-1 ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR, COGNITIVE STIMULATION AND EMOTIONAL SUPPORT BY THE MOTHER, CHILD GENDER, AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS. CP67-1 ANTISOCIAL

  16. CHILDREN IN SIX DIVERSE NATIONS • THE MORE CORPORAL PUNISHMENT • THE MORE: • MORE AGGRESSION • MORE ANXIETY Lansford, J. E. et al (2005). Physical Discipline and Children’s Adjustment: Cultural Normativeness as a Moderator. Child Development.

  17. THE MORE CORPORAL PUNISHMENT, THE GREATER THE PROBABILITY OF PHYSICALLY ABUSING A CHILD BY PARENT OF PARENT

  18. THESE ARE ALL “RISK FACTORS,”NOT ONE-TO-ONE LINKS • A CONDITION WHICH INCREASES THE PROBABILITY OF A DISEASE OR PROBLEM • EXAMPLES: • SMOKING AND DEATH FROM SMOKING RELATED DISEASE (33% chance of death from a smoking related disease – which means that 64% do not) • FREQUENT SPANKING AND DELINQUENCY • (24% chance - 5 fold increase, but 76% do not become delinquent) • BINGE DRINKING AND WIFE BEATING • (19% chance - 3 fold increase, but 81% of binge drinkers do not beat their wives)

  19. Question 4. IS CP NECESSARY TO HAVE WELL-BEHAVED CHILDREN? HOURS TO REPET- ITION SHORT RUN EFFECTIVE-NESS: CP “WORKS” BUT NO BETTER THAN OTHER METHODS

  20. LONG-RUN EFFECTIVENESS: CP BOOMERANGS

  21. SPANKED: BEHAVIOR GOT WORSE CHANGE IN ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR NOT SPANKED: BEHAVIOR IMPROVED * ADJUSTED FOR TIME-1 ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR, COGNITIVE STIMULATION AND EMOTIONAL SUPPORT BY THE MOTHER, CHILD GENDER, AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS. CP67-1 ANTISOCIAL

  22. TWO REASONS WHY CP MAKES THINGS WORSE IN THE LONG RUN 1. LESS WELL DEVELOPED CONSCIENCE

  23. 2. WEAKENS BOND TO PARENT NONE 6 +

  24. SOME OTHER REASONS LONG TERM EFFECTIVENESS OF CP IS LOW C:\My Documents\A2\CHARTS\CP\EFFECTIV\EFFECTIV 2D.doc

  25. Question 5: WHAT ARE THE TRENDS IN USE OF CP? (USA)

  26. THE MOST CHANGE HAS BEEN IN SWEDEN

  27. UNITED NATIONS SECOND WORLD SUMMIT ON CHILDREN “All countries to adopt legislation, policies and programmes to protect children from all forms of violence, whether at home, in school or in the community”: and “protect children from torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, including corporal punishment”.

  28. HITTING CHILDREN BANNED IN THESE COUNTRIESAs of 2006 15 BY STATUTE Austria Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Denmark Finland Germany Hungary Iceland Israel Latvia Norway Romania Sweden Ukraine BY HIGH COURT RULING: Israel, Italy Steps to implement vary from almost none to very extensive

  29. QUESTION 6: WHAT THE WORLD MIGHT BE LIKE IF ADULTS STOPPED SPANKING? • THE EXAMPLE OF SWEDEN • (Durrant, 1998) • CP in schools banned in 1928; • CP by parents banned in 1979 (but no criminal penalties) • VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN SINCE 1979 BAN • Public approval of CP declined to near zero • Use of CP declined sharply but continues • Child physical abuse has not increased • (Child abuse deaths remain lowest in the world) • Reports of CP increased as a result of intervention effort • YOUTH CRIME AND PROBLEMS SINCE 1979 BAN: • Crime rates decreased • Alcohol and drug use decreased • Suicide decreased • Reports of assault by youth increased – reflects redefinition of bullying as assault and zero tolerance

  30. THESE ARE ALL “RISK FACTORS,”NOT ONE-TO-ONE LINKS • A CONDITION WHICH INCREASES THE PROBABILITY OF A DISEASE OR PROBLEM • EXAMPLES: • SMOKING AND DEATH FROM SMOKING RELATED DISEASE (33% chance of death from a smoking related disease – which means that 64% do not) • FREQUENT SPANKING AND DELINQUENCY • (24% chance - 5 fold increase, but 76% do not become delinquent) • BINGE DRINKING AND WIFE BEATING • (19% chance - 3 fold increase, but 81% of binge drinkers do not beat their wives)

  31. Chart 5-4.1 Comparison of the Effect of Corporal Punishment With Effects From Other Domains * Partial correlation. See Appendix 5 for explanation, Other effect sizes are from Bushman, B. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2001). Media violence and the American public: Scientific facts versus media misinformation. American Psychologist, 56(6/7), 477-489.

  32. WHY ENDING CP CAN BE A MAJOR BENEFIT FOR CHILDREN AND SOCIETY

  33. QUESTION 6 AGAIN: WHAT WOULD THE WORLD BE LIKE IF ADULTS STOPPED SPANKING?FOR PARENTS * LESS HASSLE * LESS BETTER BEHAVED CHILDRENFOR CHILDREN * LESS RISK OF PHYSICAL ABUSE * LESS DELINQUENCYFOR THE NEXT GENERATION* LESS “STREET VIOLENCE” * LESS DEPRESSION AND SUICIDE * LESS WIFE BEATING * HIGHER ECONOMIC ACHIEVMENTA LESS VIOLENT, HEALTHIER, WEALTHIER, AND WISER WORLD * ENHANCED MENTAL ABILITY AND SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENT

  34. END

  35. FOR EVIDENCE ON ALL THESE POINTS AND MANY OTHERS see * This book * Papers on my website (1st slide) * References on last slide * ALSO Forthcoming book

  36. 2nd Edition, 2001 I. SPANKING -- THE VIRTUOUS VIOLENCE 1. The Conspiracy of Silence 2. Everyone Does It, But Less Now 3. Hitting Adolescents 4. Who Spanks the Most? II. THE PRICE OF VIRTUE 5. Depression and Suicide 6. Physical Abuse 7. Violence and Crime 8. The Fusion of Sex and Violence 9. Alienation and Reduced Income Ill. THE FUTURE 10. Ten Myths that Perpetuate Corporal Punishment I I. Social Evolution and Corporal Punishment 12. The Benefits of Never Spanking: New and More Definitive Evidence Transaction Publishers 390 Campus Drive Somerset, NJ 08873 Toll free-US only 888-999-6778 or 732-445-1245 Fax. 732-748-9801 www.transactionpub.com In UK and Europe: Transaction Publishers (UK) C/O EDS 3 Henrietta Street Covent Garden London WC2E 8LU Tel. +44 (0)20 7 240 0856 Fax. +44 (0)20 7 379 0609

  37. THE PRIMORDIAL VIOLENCE (CONTINUED) Chapter

  38. WHY PAY ATTENTION TO SPANKING? • MOST SPANKING IS DONE BY LOVING PARENTS TO CORRECT AND TRAIN CHILDREN • THE HARMFUL EFFECTS FOR AN INDIVIDUAL CHILD ARE SMALL COMPARED TO THE EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL ABUSE BUT • IT VIOLATES THE RIGHTS OF CHILDREN AS DEFINED IN THE UNITED NATIONS CHARTER ON CHILDREN’S RIGHTS • A VERY LARGE PERCENTAGE OF CHILDREN ARE SPANKED • CHILDREN ARE TYPICALLY HIT FOR MANY YEARS – IN THE USA, ON AVERAGE UNTIL THEY ARE ABOUT 12 YEARS OLD, I.E. FOR ABOUT 12 YEARS • THE EFFECT ON THE WELFARE OF CHILDREN IS VERY LARGE – GREATER THAN THE HARMFUL EFFECT OF PHYSICAL ABUSE

  39. RELIGIOUS DIFFERENCES IN SPANKING CHILDREN 3-5 Percent Who Spanked in Past Week Average Number Of Times per Week 2.8 3.6 3.3 3.6 % Giles-Sims, Jean., Murray A. Straus, and David B. Sugarman. 1995. "Child, maternal and family characteristics associated with spanking." Family Relations 44:170-176.

  40. CHINESE CORPORAL PUNISHMENT RATES • Survey by the Guangdong Provincial Women's Federation • 54% of university and middle-school students experienced corporal punishment • 80% of parents and teachers believe corporal punishment has benefits • Survey by the University of Hong Kong (2003-04) • 44% of parents had beaten their children to "straighten" them up. • Joy Lu “Spare the rod and spoil the child?” China Daily 05/27/2006 page 3 (downloaded from internet)

  41. C:\My Documents\A2\CHARTS\CP\INTERNATIONAL\TWO CANADIAN STUDIES.DOC

  42. C:\My Documents\A2\CHARTS\CP\INTERNATIONAL\Tribal Society Rates.doc

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