The Cold War in Asia, China, Korea & Vietnam

1. The Cold War in Asia, China, Korea & Vietnam

2. Dean Acheson: United States Position on China (1949) • Secretary of State under Truman • played a central role in the creation of many important institutions • Lend Lease • the Marshall Plan • the United Nations • NATO • the IMF • World Bank • After the Communist takeover of China, Acheson defended his previous strategy • Argues that the U.S. provided enough aid to anti-Communist forces • $2 billion to the Chinese gov’t • $232 million in military aid • Blames the Nationalist leadership for a lack of a will to fight • Credits the Communists for “ruthless discipline & fanatical zeal” • Acheson rules out full-scale American intervention because it would be too costly & would be resented by the Chinese's masses

3. Mao Zedong’s Speech Commemorating the 20th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party (June 30, 1949) • After defeating the Nationalists forces, the People’s Republic of China on October 1, 1949. • With victory in his sight, Mao delivered a speech on the anniversary of the party • The Russian Revolution altered China • The Chinese found Marxism-Leninism as the universal truth • Because China has suffered under imperialism, bourgeoisie democracy will never work there • Communism has brought advances to China • Under the leadership of the Proletariat, the workers, petty bourgeoisie, peasants & national bourgeoisie have united • Externally, the Communist bloc has welcomed China into its fold • There can be no compromise with democratic elements • Mao justifies his dictatorship because imperialism still exists in the world • If the Chinese bourgeoisie adhere to the Communist policy, they will be allowed to prosper, if not, the state will force them to comply

4. China Gets the Bomb (1964) • Mao once derided atomic weapons & the United States as "paper tigers“ • in October 1864, China detonated its first atomic bomb • This press statement explains why China decided to develop nuclear weapons • China declares that the development of the bomb is essential for defense • The bomb will help China in its struggle to oppose “the U.S. imperialist policy of nuclear blackmail and nuclear threats” • China had advocated the abolishment of nuclear weapons, but the U.S. blocked these efforts • Nuclear weapons = a deterrent to U.S. aggression

5. Pravda: Editorial concerning The Anti-Soviet Policy of Communist China (February 16, 1967) • Shortly after Mao’s victory in 1949, China joined the Soviet Bloc as an ally • After the death of Stalin, Mao believed Khrushchev was too conciliatory to the West. • Khrushchev angered Mao by refusing to give China nuclear weapons • During the “Cultural Revolution,” Mao fanned the flames of anti-Soviet sentiment amongst China’s youth • '''Sino-Soviet split''' was a major diplomatic conflict which began in the late 1950s • The Soviet newspaper Pravda denounced Mao’s policy in 1967 • Accused Mao of trying to divert the attention from his many domestic & foreign policy mistakes • Mao has built a cult of personality that has reached absurd proportions • The editorial argued that Mao Tse-tung could not remain in power without slandering the USSR • But Mao’s anti-Soviet campaign had serious consequences • It weakened the Communist bloc & worsened the entire political situation in Asia • It also directly helped the Americans

6. Richard Nixon’s Remarks at Andrews Air Force Base on Returning From the People's Republic of China • Nixon decided to exploit the Sino-Soviet split to tip the balance of the Cold War in the United States’ favor • At the conclusion of his trip, the United States and the PRC Governments issued the Shanghai Communiqué, a statement of their foreign policy views • both nations pledged to work toward the full normalization of diplomatic relations • The U.S. acknowledged the notion that all Chinese on both sides of the Taiwan Strait maintain that there is only one China and that Taiwan is part of China • Fearing the possibility of a Sino-American alliance, the Soviet Union yielded to American pressure for détente • The first Strategic Arms Limitation Talks were finally concluded the same year with the SALT I treaty • Upon his return, Nixon delivered an address at Andrews Air Force Base • Described the mission to China as a mission for peace • Goal was to reestablish communication with China after a generation of hostility • agreements were reached to expand cultural, educational, and journalistic contacts

7. Security Treaty Between the United States, Australia, and New Zealand (ANZUS); September 1, 1951 • The ANZUS Treaty is a military alliance binding Australia and the United States, and separately Australia and New Zealand to cooperate on defense matters in the Pacific Ocean area. • treaty was concluded at San Francisco on 1 September 1951, and entered into force on April 29, 1952 • The Treaty was based on the principle of the United Nations • The Treaty was intended to deter any potential aggressor in the Pacific • Each signatory agrees to cooperate towards peace & stability in the Pacific

8. Security Treaty Between Japan & the U.S. (Sept. 8, 1951) • Part of the wider American defense network in the Pacific • Japan loses its “inherent right of self defense • Still, the Treaty recognizes that Japan as a sovereign nation • The United States will maintain military forces in & around the Japanese islands • Interestingly, American forces can be used to put down large scale internal riots • This clause was directed against Communist subversion in Japan • The treaty left Japan with a sizeable American military force that persists to this day

9. Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty (September 8, 1954) • Also known as the Manila Pact or SEATO • created to oppose further Communist gains in Southeast Asia • headquarters was located in Bangkok, Thailand • The Treaty reaffirmed U.N. principles • Members will use peaceful means to settle international disputes • Members will use joint military operations • members will “prevent and counter subversive activities” • This is directed against internal Communist movements • Treaty established a Council as an administrative organ • unable to intervene in the early conflicts of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam because an intervention required a decision of unanimity • The organization formally ended in 1977

10. SEATO MEMBERS

11. Report of The United Nations Commission on Korea, 1950 • the U.S the USSR divided Korea along the 38th parallel after World War II but the US did not consider this to be a permanent partition. • South Korean President Syngman Rhee and North Korean General Secretary Kim Il-sung were both intent on reuniting the peninsula under their own system. • On June 25, 1950, North Korea struck across the 38th parallel • Soon afterwards, the United Nations debated the issue. • Having walked out just prior to the debate, the Soviets were unable to prevent the passage of a U.N. resolution which pledged assistance to the beleaguered South Koreans. • This U.N. Report on Korea outlines the causes of the war and efforts to stabilize the situation. • The report places blame on North Korea for the conflict • The division of Korea into two states is described as “artificial” & the primary cause of the war • Although the reunification of Korea is desired, the North Korean gov’t is an obstacle to this goal • It is important that democracy be maintained in Korea

12. Andrei A. Gromyko: On American Intervention in Korea (1950) • Andrei Andreyevich Gromyko (1909 – 1989) was a Soviet politician and diplomat • served as Minister for Foreign Affairs for the Soviet Union (1957-1985) and Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1985-1988). • At outbreak of the Korean War, Gromyko condemned U.S. intervention in the conflict. • Gromyko blamed South Korea for provoking the North • Accused the South of planning to invade the North • Also blamed the U.S. for encouraging the South to attack • U.S. is using the United Nations as a cover for its aggressive designs

13. Truman On Korea and Relieving Macarthur from Command (April 11, 1951) • To lead U.N. forces in the Korean War, Truman appointed the aggressive & outspoken general Douglas MacArthur • In October 1950, Communist China intervened on North Korea's behalf, raising the specter of a third world war. • MacArthur urged Truman to attack Chinese bases across the Yalu River and use atomic bombs if necessary. Truman refused both suggestions. • The Chinese pushed American forces far back into South Korea, but after much bloody conflict the opposing forces eventually found themselves back at the original starting point. • Truman did not want to draw Russia & its atomic weapons into the conflict. • On April 11, 1951, Truman relieved MacArthur of his command. • The war, and the dismissal of MacArthur, helped to make Truman so unpopular that he eventually chose not to seek a third term. • Truman defended his decision • The goal in Korea is to prevent a world war • MacArthur wanted to escalate the conflict which, in Truman’s opinion, was too dangerous • It was therefore necessary to dismiss the general

14. General Douglas Macarthur: Farewell Address to Congress (April 19, 1951) • After his dismissal, MacArthur returned to Washington (his first time in the continental US in 11 years), where he made his last public appearance in a farewell address to the U.S. Congress, which was interrupted by thirty ovations. • In this closing speech, he recalled: "Old soldiers never die, they just fade away." 'And like the old soldier of that ballad, I now close my military career and just fade away - an old soldier who tried to do his duty as God gave him the light to see that duty. Good-bye.‘ • On his return from Korea, after his relief by Truman, MacArthur encountered massive public adulation, which aroused expectations that he would run for the US presidency as a Republican in the 1952 election. • In this document, MacArthur defends his position on the Korean conflict. • The Communist threat is global, the U.S. must have a global strategy • The U.S. cannot “appease” the Communists • Since WW2, the Pacific is a vital area for American defense • To win the war in Korea, the U.S. had to attack China • The Korean people want & need American assistance

15. Vietnamese Declaration of Independence, 1945 • After the defeat of Japan in 1945, France, the old colonial power, tried to reclaim its colonies in Indochina - i.e. Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. • But France faced opposition, which it had been able to beat down before the war, from a nationalist political party. • This party, the Vietnamese Communist Party, had been founded in Paris in 1930 by Ho Chi Minh (1890¬ 1969) • The Viet Minh fought a guerilla war against both the Japanese and the Vichy French forces - making the Viet Minh an ally of the United States at that time. • Looking for recognition from the United States and other Western countries, Ho and his colleagues proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on September 2, 1945. The Vietnamese Declaration of Independence mirrored the United States’ own declaration of 1776 • It also cited the French declaration of the Rights of Man • The document outlined French misdeeds against the Vietnamese & urged the West to recognize Vietnam • Instead of supporting the Republic, the West recognized French claims.

16. Bibliography • Slide #1 • Photo of Mao: http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/8/82/180px-Mao-tiananmen-portrait.jpg • Photo of MacArthur: http://www.bibl.u-szeged.hu/bibl/mil/ww2/who/pics/macarthur.jpg • Vietnam Memorial: http://imagecache2.allposters.com/images/pic/NYG/30175~Vietnam-War-Memorial-Posters.jpg • Korean War Memorial: http://www.kestan.com/dcstock/monuments/IMG_0583%20korean%20war%20memorial%20(ok).jpg • Time Magazine Cover: http://img.timeinc.net/time/magazine/archive/covers/1975/1101750512_400.jpg • Slide #2 • Time Magazine Cover: http://img.timeinc.net/time/magazine/archive/covers/1951/1101510108_400.jpg • Slide #3 • Photo of Mao: http://www.chiny.republika.pl/Mao%20Zedong.jpg • Slide #4 • Photo of Mao & the Bomb: http://www.vce.com/cgi-bin/Images/AtomicArt/maobomb.jpg • Slide #5 • Chinese-Soviet Flags: http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/research/AreaStudies/SinoSoviet_Relations/sino_soviet.gif • Anti-Soviet Chinese Propaganda: http://www.what-means.com/encyclopedia/images/thumb/f/f8/300px-Ac.maoposter.jpg • Slide #6 • Original Photo of Nixon & Chairman Mao: http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/premade/28067/14a.jpg • Original Photo of Richard & Pat Nixon Visiting the Great Wall: http://www.beegewelborn.com/swillstuff/nixonGreatWall.jpg • Slide #7 • Slide #10 • Map of SEATO Members: Map of SEATO Members: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:SEATO.PNG • Slide #11 • Original Photo of the U.N. Security Council Vote (note the Soviet delegation is conspicuously absent): http://www.bevinalexander.com/korea/photos/korea-05-th.jpg • Slide #12 • Original Photo of Gromyko: http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:AndreiGromyko.jpg • Slide #13 • Original Photo Truman & MacArthur Meeting at Wake Island: http://b-29s-over-korea.com/General_MacArthur/images/MARCH_TO_THE_YALU/Truman-Mac-at-Wake-Island.jpg • Slide #14 • Time Magazine Cover: http://img.timeinc.net/time/magazine/archive/covers/1945/1101450827_400.jpg • Slide #15 • Original Photo of Ho Chi Minh: http://images.opentopia.com/enc/thumb/33/32611/177px-Ho_Chi_Minh.JPG