The last phase

1. The last phase Space craft

2. Space Travel • Science fiction • H. G. Wells • The Time Machine 1895 • War of the Worlds 1898 • Tales of Space and Time 1899 • The First Men on the Moon 1901 • Jules Verne • le Voyage au Centre de la Terre 1864 • de la Terre a la Lune 1865

3. Georges Méliès1861-1938 • Early experimenter in film • first narrative films • invented • stop motion • slow motion • fade out • dissolve • Le Voyage dans la Lune, 1902

4. Momentum Mf Vf = Mr Vr to maximize Vr, we maximize Vf, that is, have a high velocity, hot exhaust

5. Early development • Chinese credited with development of rockets • solid fuel - gunpowder • 1232, likely first use of rockets against Mongols in defense of the city K’ai-feng • quickly spread to Europe

6. Scientific Approachto Rockets • Three major players • Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky 1857-1935 (Russian) • Robert Goddard 1882-1945 (American) • Hermann Oberth 1894-1989 (German)

7. Tsiolkovsky • Family of modest means (deaf) • at 16, went to Moscow university • chemistry • mathematics • astronomy • mechanics • returns, becomes teacher in Borovsk • transfers in 1892 to Kaluga

8. Builds a wind tunnel to test aerodynamic shapes • effects of air friction • small grant from the Academy of Sciences • 1895, book (Dreams of Earth and Sky) • 1896, book (Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices)

9. Problems of rockets in space, • heat transfer • navigation • fuel supply • he never built a rocket

10. Oberth • Studied aeronautics • simulated weightlessness • designed a long-range liquid fuel rocket • sought a Doctoral degree from Heidelburg 1922 • thesis topic: “The Rocket into Interplanetary Space” - rejected

11. Published the book on his own • 1929 published “Ways to Space Flight” - won a prize • anticipated ion rockets • 1931 patent on liquid fuel rocket • first rocket launched May 7, 1931 • 1940-41 worked at Peenemünde with von Braun on V2

12. Goddard • Influenced by Wells’s “War of the Worlds” • PhD at Clark University, Worcester MA • taught physics there until his death • proved that rockets would work in a vacuum (NY Times) • first to build a liquid fuel rocket (oxygen and gasoline)

13. First test of liquid fuel rocket in 1925 • first flight of rocket March 16, 1926 on Aunt Effie’s farm, Auburn MA • funded by Smithsonian Institution • later by Guggenheim Fund (Charles Lindburgh) • moved to Roswell, NM for larger tests • broke the sound barrier in 1935 • designed a steering apparatus

14. Designed a multi-stage rocket • during WW2, he offered his designs and patents to the Army - rejected • Germans took the lead based on Oberth and Goddard • later, military built rockets based on his designs - ultimately paid $1 million • but Goddard died before this • Clark University maintains a collection of his creations

15. Beginning of Space Exploration • WW2 - development of the V2 rocket by Germany • alcohol and liquid oxygen • 12 tons • range of about 200 miles • US develops nuclear weapons • the combination was impressive

16. US set up three entities: • Navy JPL Army • . Civilian von Braun • . Et al. • Small, low priority; belief was that the US was far ahead of USSR • we had most of the German engineers and lots of V2 rockets

17. Big Surprise • October 4, 1957 Sputnik 1, 84 kg • November 3, 1957 Sputnik 2, 508 kg with Laika • http://ham.spa.umn.edu/kris/laika.html • clearly the USSR was far ahead and close to manned flight • response - Vanguard (Navy) December 1957 - exploded

18. Redstone (Army) January 1958 - successful - discovered the van Allen radiation belts • end of 1958 - creation of NASA - subsumed military effort (except ICBMs) and, later, JPL • January 1959 - Luna 1 - flyby of the Moon • April 12, 1961 Vostok 1 with Yuri Gargarin on board • a belief (fear) that the Soviets were heading for the Moon

19. Kennedy and Johnson elected in 1961 • Bay of Pigs invasion failed • May 1961, Kennedy gives speech - land men on the Moon before 1970 • Tasks: • landing site • surface properties • space craft and rocket

20. Programs: • Ranger 1961-65 1,7,9 worked • Surveyor 1966-68 1,3,5,6,7 “ • Lunar Orbiter 1966-67 1-5 “ • Mercury 1961-63 1 man • Gemini 1965-66 2 man • Apollo 1968 3 man • 7 orbited Earth • 8 new Saturn rocket • 9 orbited the Moon

21. Apollo 10 orbited Moon, lunar module separated • Apollo 11 July 20, 1969 Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin land on Mare Tranquilitatis

22. Theory of Exploration • Naked eye • telescope • crude (Galileo) • refined (achromatic, reflectors) • Space craft (Moon and Mars) • fly by • atmosphere • size and position of planet

23. Fly by (Moon and Mars) • temperatures on surface • magnetic field • some photographs of surface features • Orbiters (Moon and Mars) • photography of the whole planet • temperatures of whole planet • altimetry • seasonal changes

24. Landers (Moon) • samples of the surface • age of planet • history of planet • origin of the planet • Colonization (not yet)

25. Apollo missions • 11 Mare Tranquilitatis old mare • 12 Oceanus Procellarum young mare • 13 failed • 14 Fra Mauro highland • 15 Hadley Rille rille + high. • 16 Descartes plains • 17 Taurus Littrow highlands

26. Goals • Questions • what kind of rocks (basalt lava and ???) • what ages • what events • Synthesis • history of Moon • origin of Moon

27. Views • Pre-Apollo • the Moon was ancient and unchanged since formation. Therefore, a simple place where volcanism dominated. • Reality • Moon has had a complicated history. Difficult to find old rocks. Impact dominates