The Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution 1700-1900

2. Living From the Land Part 1

3. Living From the Land • Industrial Revolution: During the 1700s and 1800s, agricultural and industrial innovations led to profound changes in society. • e.g. cloth making

4. A Harsh Way of Life • Pre-Industrial Revolution: farming = main source of income • Death rate – very high • London – largest city in Europe in 1750

5. Village Life • Wealthy control village land, families rent in small strips • Fair land distribution amongst peasants • Subsistence farming • Coordinated farming • No fences – village commons • Graze livestock

7. Village Life (cont’d) • Self-sufficiency – minimal trade from village to village • Rich landowners own all the land in the village • Poorer villagers (land renters) – small, dank cottages • Center of life = farming • Whole family contributed

8. Early Industries • Making wool – domestic system (or “cottage industry”) • Merchant buys raw fiber  Women and children clean, sort, spin  Merchant collects yarn, pays, takes it to weaver  Men weave  Merchant pays and picks up woven cloth takes it to the fuller  Fuller shapes and cleans  Dyer…dyes  Merchant sells finished cloth or clothing

11. Early Industries (cont’d) • Mining coal • Coal fields = under farmland • Labor = Women and children • $$$ from mining used to buy small luxuries

12. The Beginnings of Change Part 2

13. The Beginnings of Change • Landowners want to end open-field system – need more space for raising sheep (wool prices are high) – increase efficiency, productivity • Enclosure Movement • Mixing soils, crop rotation Carrot…

15. Great Britain Leads the Way • Success in farming  Capital to invest • Capital: $ to invest in labor, machines, and raw materials • Parliament passes laws to encourage investment, growth of businesses • *Natural resources – harbors, rivers, coal, iron • The climate – damp, cool • good for textiles • *Iron  to make STEEL

16. Great Britain Leads the Way • Better farming = more food = more people with longer lives • Farm machinery  less farming jobs; farmers look for work in cities • Entrepreneurs: businesspeople who set up industries by bringing together capital, labor, and new industrial inventions

17. Growing Textile Industries • Advances in machinery • John Kay – “flying shuttle” • James Hargreaves – spinning jenny • Richard Arkwright – water frame • Samuel Crompton – spinning jenny + water frame = “spinning mule”

18. Growing Textile Industries (cont’d) • Producing more cloth • Edmund Cartwright – power loom • Eli Whitney – cotton gin • Invention of the cotton gin prolongs and • expands slavery in the USA

19. The Factory System • Cloth production moved out of homes (domestic system) and into large buildings (factories) near major waterways • More sources of energy needed to run factories • James Watt – steam engine • *Set Industrial Revolution in full motion*

21. Steam Engine Textile Factory

22. Industrial Developments • Henry Bessemer – cheap method to convert iron to steel • Improvements to railways and all-weather (paved) roads • Canals • Robert Fulton – created the first steamboat • Richard Trevithick – steam locomotive

23. George Stephenson’s “The Rocket”

24. The Growth of Industry Part 3

25. Spread of Industry • Great Britain – “the workshop of the world” • Industrialization spreads to Europe and the USA • France – lots of scientists, but very slow-paced industrialization, few entrepreneurs, no gov’t support • Napoleonic Wars • Germany – successful industrialization • United States – Northeast industry • Three most industrialized nations: Britain, Germany, United States

26. Growth of Big Business • Adam Smith – The Wealth of Nations (1776) • Free enterprise (capitalism) • Industrial capitalism – continually expanding factories or investing in new businesses • Mass production • Eli Whitney – interchangeable parts: machine-made parts that are exactly alike • Frederick Taylor – division of labor: each worker performs a specialized task on an assembly line • Later…Henry Ford: Model-T assembly lines

27. Charlie Chaplin - Modern Times

28. Growth of Big Business (cont’d) • Organizing business • Corporations – large-scale businesses owned by shareholders • Stockholders and shares • Like “joint-stock companies” – was a way to reduce risk and raise capital • Unlike “joint-stock companies” – was not JUST focused on trade. More were involved in manufacturing, railroads, etc. • Became the best way to manage new businesses

29. Science and Industry • Communications • Samuel Morse, telegraph; James Clerk Maxwell, electromagnetic waves; Guglielmo Marconi, wireless telegraph/radio; Alexander Graham Bell, telephone • Electricity • Thomas Edison – phonograph, incandescent light bulbs

30. A New Society Part 4

31. The Rise of the Middle Class • Before industrialization: bankers, lawyers, doctors, merchants • After: ↑ as well as owners of factories, mines, railroads, stockbrokers, middle management of companies • Education = very important but not yet available to all

32. The Rise of the Middle Class (cont’d) • Middle-class lifestyles – gender gap • Men = sole providers for family • Women – hired servants, educated children, sewed, planned meals • Growth of magazines • Boys – went to school • Girls – learned domestic tasks  marriage

34. Lives of the Working Class • At the mercy of machinery • Division of labor – same tasks over and over • Lost limbs • Rigid schedules – 10-14 hours per day • Very low wages

36. Lives of the Working Class • Workers’ lives • Children – high possibility of becoming crippled or ill as a result of factory conditions • Women – gained some independence – “Mill girls” • Upon marriage, many were fired • Cold, crowded tenements with high rent • Poor hygiene – cholera, typhoid • High infant mortality rate

38. Lives of the Working Class • Workers unite • Labor unions – associations dedicated to representing the interests of workers in a specific industry • Union tactics • Strikes, sit-down strikes • Opposed by employers • Parliament – Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800 prohibited the formation of labor unions • 1820s – workers can meet to discuss working hours, wages. 1871 – trade unions/strikes made legal. • Collective bargaining – union leaders and an employer meet to discuss problems and reach an agreement • Membership continued to grow in Europe, U.S.