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The Central Nervous System

The Central Nervous System. Outline. Anatomy of the Nervous System Afferent and Efferent Pathways Centers and Circuits for the Neural Control of Speech. Outline. Anatomy of the Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Nourishment and Protection. Outline.

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The Central Nervous System

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  1. The Central Nervous System SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  2. Outline • Anatomy of the Nervous System • Afferent and Efferent Pathways • Centers and Circuits for the Neural Control of Speech SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  3. Outline • Anatomy of the Nervous System • Central Nervous System • Peripheral Nervous System • Nourishment and Protection SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  4. Outline • Anatomy of the Nervous System • Central Nervous System • Basic Organization • Cerebral Hemispheres • Basal Ganglia (Nuclei) • Thalamus & Hypothalamus • Cerebellum • Limbic System • Brainstem • Spinal Cord SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  5. Basic CNS Organization • Spinal cord • Brain • Hindbrain • Medulla • Pons • Cerebellum • Midbrain • Forebrain • Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Basal ganglia • Cerebrum SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  6. Basic CNS Organization • Spinal cord • Brain • Hindbrain • Medulla • Pons • Cerebellum • Midbrain • Forebrain • Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Basal ganglia • Cerebrum brainstem SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  7. Basic CNS Organization CNS is made up of gray matter and white matter SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  8. White matter • Contains axons that communicate between CNS structures • Why white? • Contains myelin (which is fatty) which insulates axons • When you think white matter, think connections between brain regions. SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  9. Gray matter • contains cell bodies and synapses that allow communication between neurons. • Place of integration/modulation of CNS activity. • Nucleus: collection of CNS cell bodies • When you think gray matter, think cell bodies & synapses between individual neurons. SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  10. White and gray matter Gray matter White matter, Transverse Section of Brain SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  11. White and gray matter Gray matter, which stains light White matter, which stains dark (Weigert stain) Cross-Section of Caudal Brainstem SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  12. Basic CNS Organization • The CNS is generally “symmetric” sinistral dextral Cross-Section of Brainstem (Level 3) SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  13. Outline • Anatomy of the Nervous System • Central Nervous System • Basic Organization • Cerebral Hemispheres • Basal Nuclei (Basal Ganglia) • Thalamus & Hypothalamus • Cerebellum • Limbic System • Brainstem • Spinal Cord SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  14. Cerebral Hemispheres SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  15. Cerebral Hemispheres • Largest part of the brain • wrinkled surface or cortex (bark) • ↑ ↑ ↑ surface area • Principally gray matter (synapses) • organized in layers SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  16. Cerebral Cortex: Basic Structure SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  17. Cerebral Cortex: Basic Structure • Gyrus • outfolding of cortex • Sulcus/fissure • infolding of cortex SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  18. Cerebral Hemispheres Longitudinal fissure SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  19. Lobes of Cerebral Cortex SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology Figure 39.12

  20. Insula: Lobe or region? SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  21. Sulci & Brodmann Areas SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology Figure 39.11

  22. Relation between anatomy and function Kent (1997) SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  23. Communicating between brain structures • Performed by axonal fibers (i.e. white matter) • Fasciculi – bundles of axonal fibers SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  24. Communicating between brain structures Types of fibers • Association fibers • connect cortical areas in the same hemisphere • short (i.e. gyrus to next gyrus) • long (i.e. connecting lobes) • Commissural fibers • connect hemispheres • Projection fibers • Projects to/from the brainstem and spinal cord SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  25. Some fasciculi of the cerebral cortex(long association fibers) Kent (1997) SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  26. Commissural fibers of the cerebral cortex • Corpus callosum • Anterior commissure • Middle commissure • Posterior commissure Figure 39.31 SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  27. Corona radiata & internal capsule Figure 39.8 SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  28. Outline • Anatomy of the Nervous System • Central Nervous System • Basic Organization • Cerebral Hemispheres • Basal Ganglia (Nuclei) • Thalamus & Hypothalamus • Cerebellum • Limbic System • Brainstem • Spinal Cord SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  29. Basal ganglia (nuclei) SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  30. Basal ganglia (nuclei) A collection of nuclei including • caudate nucleus • putamen • globus pallidus • subthalamic nucleus • substantia nigra • putamen + globus pallidus = lentiform nucleus • caudate nucleus + putamen = corpus striatum SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  31. Basal ganglia (nuclei) Caudate nucleus body head tail Lentiform nucleus Netter SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  32. Basal ganglia (nuclei) Figure 39.7 Coronal Figure 39.9 Transverse SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  33. Basal ganglia (nuclei) Function • involved in movement control • Does not directly connect to motorneurons • Helps stabilize the motor system Diseases • Parkinson’s Disease • reduced movement • Huntington’s Chorea • uncontrolled “dancing” like movement • Hemiballismus • Uncontrolled rapid movements SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  34. Outline • Anatomy of the Nervous System • Central Nervous System • Basic Organization • Cerebral Hemispheres • Basal Nuclei (Basal Ganglia) • Thalamus & Hypothalamus • Cerebellum • Limbic System • Brainstem • Spinal Cord SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  35. Thalamus SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  36. Thalamus Figure 39.7 Coronal Figure 39.9 Transverse SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  37. Thalamus SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology Figure 39.16

  38. Thalamus Netter SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  39. Thalamus Basic Anatomy • Is a collection of nuclei • All sensory information (exception olfaction) passes through thalamus en route to cerebral cortex • Information from basal ganglia and cerebellum reaches cortex via the thalamus • “gateway to the cortex” Function • integration site for • Sensory information from different modalities • Complex behavior (language) • Motor processes • Emotional circuits SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  40. Thalamic nuclei • Anterior & mediodorsal nuclei • Connected to emotional circuits • Ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei • input from basal ganglia and cerebellum • Ventral posterior lateral (VPL) and medial (VPM) • relays general sensory information from body (VPL) and head (VPM) • Medial geniculate body • Relays/processes auditory information • Lateral geniculate body • Relays/processes visual information SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  41. Hypothalamus SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology Figure 39.16

  42. Hypothalamus Basic Anatomy • Located inferior to the thalamus (hence “hypo”) Function • Controls ‘autonomic behavior such as • release of hormones • control of food and water intake • sexual behavior • sleep cycles • emotional responses • Indirect role in speech (unless you include flirting) SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  43. Outline • Anatomy of the Nervous System • Central Nervous System • Basic Organization • Cerebral Hemispheres • Basal Nuclei (Basal Ganglia) • Thalamus & Hypothalamus • Cerebellum • Limbic System • Brainstem • Spinal Cord SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  44. Cerebellum SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology Figure 39.6

  45. Cerebellum & Brainstem SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology Figure 39.6

  46. Cerebellum • Cerebellum ~ “little brain” • Contains ~ ½ neurons in the entire brain • Attached to dorsal brainstem by peduncles • Inferior cerebellar peduncle • middle cerebellar peduncle • superior cerebellar peduncle SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  47. Cerebellar peduncles(new slide) SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology Figures 39.16,39.18

  48. Cerebellum • White matter • Fibers going into and out of the cerebellum via peduncles • Gray matter • Cerebellar cortex • deep cerebellar nuclei SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  49. Cerebellar gray matter(new slide) From Netter SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

  50. Cerebellum Cerebellar cortex What is it? • Primary information receiving area How is information received? • Inferior and middle cerebellar peduncles Where does the information come from? • other motor control centers • vestibular system (balance) • Information about body position via brainstem and spinal cord SPPA 2050 Speech Anatomy & Physiology

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