Communication Project

1. Communication Project 9th-12th grade Kinesiology By Troy Moore

2. Basics • Kinesiology- study of muscles, bones, and how they move. • Important to understand to prevent injury during exercise. • Doctors, physical therapists, physical education teachers, and coaches all need to be educated on Kinesiology.

3. Skeletal System • Functions- support, protection, produce calcium, store blood. • 206 bones in the body of an adult. • Types of bones – long, short, sesmoid, flat,and irregular. • Two different bones that come together form a joint.

4. Types of joints • Synarthrodial= immovable joint. Ex. The sutures found in the skull and sockets of teeth. • Ampiarthrodial- slightly moveable. Ex. Radial ulnar joint found in the arm. • Synovial- Freely moveable. Knee joint, shoulder joint, and hip joint.

5. Muscular system • Over 500 muscles in the body. • Each one is responsible for assisting with movement. • There are 2 broad categories of muscles. Parallel and pennate. • Each of these are further divided and broken down.

6. Parallel Muscles • Fibers arranged throughout muscle • Decreased force production, but contract over large areas. • Fusiform, strap, flat, circular, and radiate. • Pectorialis Major, Biceps, rectus abdominis, and sartoriusare all examples of Parallel muscles.

7. Pennate Muscles • Pennate muscles have force production, but are limited to constricting over short distances. • Fibers run from tendons. (feather like appearance.) • Multipennate, Bi pennate, unipennate are all types of pennate muscles. • Classified by how many tendons run through the muscle. More tendons= force production. • EX. Deltoid, rectus femoris, and extensor digitorumlongus.

8. Muscular Contractions • Two main types= isometric and isotonic • Isotonic is divided into concentric and eccentric. • Isometric- muscle does not change in length but contracts. • Hold dumbell still at 90

9. Concentric Contraction • A concentric muscular contraction occurs when the muscle overcomes the resistance. • The muscle shortens in length. • An example of this can be seen in the “bringing up” phase in a bicep curl.

10. Eccentric Contraction • Eccentric contractions occur when the resistance overcomes the muscle strength. • “Brake” because the muscle is responsible for slowing down the contraction. • The “lowering” phase of a bicep curl. • Prone to injury.

11. Basics of Levers • The muscles and joints in the body can be thought of as levers • 3 types= 1st class, 2nd class, and 3rd class. • All are organized according to the location of the force, axis, and resistance. • Machines function in 4 ways – balance, alter direction, enhance force, enhance range of motion.

12. 1st class levers • 1st class levers or FAR are responsible for balancing actions. (seesaw) • This is because the axis is between the force and resistance. • If the axis is closer to the force a greater range of motion is available. (scissors) • If the axis is closer to the resistance, greater force production occurs. (crowbar)

13. 2nd class levers • ARF • Advantage in force production • Plantar flexion of feet to raise body on toes • Ball of foot serves as axis (A), • Ankle plantar flexors apply force to calcaneus (F) • Lift resistance of body at the tibial articulation (R) with foot

14. 3rd Class Levers • Most common • AFR • Force Production • Advantage in range of motion • Ex. Biceps brachaii in bicep flexion

15. Posture • Important to have good posture to reduce injury and stress on joints. • Overactive muscles muscles working when they shouldn’t be. • Underactive muscles muscles that need to be strengthened. • Stretching and weight lifting will fix posture.

16. Common posture conditions • Excessive lordosis • Reduced lordosis (flat back) • Thoracic Kyphosis • Upper cross syndrome • Winged Scapula My back Hurts!

17. More Posture

18. Example of treatment • Thoracic Kyphosis involves weak rhomboids and a tight pectorialis minor. • Exercises to strengthen the rhomboids. Seated rows are usually encouraged. • A doorway stretch would be recommended to stretch the pectorialis minor.

19. Spinal column • 24 vertebra make up spine • 7 cervicle, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar • Intervertibral discs made of cartilage • A slipped disc occurs when nucleouspulposus protrudes through annulus fibrosus and puts pressure on spinal nerve. • Pain, tingling, and numbness may be felt.

20. Knee joint • Tibiofemoral joint • 4 main ligaments • Anterior cruciate ligament • Posterior cruciate ligament • Medial collateral ligament • Lateral collateral ligament

21. Knee Injury • Most injured joint besides shoulder • Injured often b/c of it’s structure and b/c it bears weight. • Osgood Schlatter • Chrondomalacia • ACL, PCL, and meniscus tears • Illiotibial band syndrome