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Understanding the Nervous System: The Brain and Its Functions

This informative chapter explores the complexities of the nervous system, focusing on the brain and its vital role in communication and processing both internal and external stimuli. Key topics covered include neuron types, cellular functions, synaptic transmission, brain divisions, sensory processing, and sensory organs like eyes, ears, nose, and tongue. The text delves into brain waves, sleep patterns, memory retention, motor functions, reflex actions, vision, and other sensory perceptions. Detailed explanations of brain structures such as the cerebral cortex, cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, and thalamus are provided to help readers grasp the intricate workings of the human brain and its impact on our daily lives.

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Understanding the Nervous System: The Brain and Its Functions

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  1. Nervous SystemCh 50 The brain & friends

  2. Purpose • Communication • Relays _______ • ______ changes inside and out

  3. Basic Cell • ______ • Sends signals called impulses

  4. 3 types of neurons • ______: eye to brain • Motor: Brain-spine-muscles • ________: Connects the other Two

  5. Neuron Parts • ____

  6. ______

  7. _____

  8. _____ ______

  9. Myelin _____ • Made by _______ cells • conducts impulses _____ • Increases w/ smarts • _____ substance

  10. ______ Potential • Na+ is allowed in

  11. Threshhold • Strength of a ________ to cause a response • Ex. toilet flush model

  12. Synapse • Information passage • _______ signals • _________ _________

  13. Divisions of the Nervous system • _______ NS • Brain & spinal cord • ________ NS • Everything else • ______ to CNS and Efferent

  14. Brain (preview page) • Parts • ________ • Cerebral cortex • ________ • Brain stem

  15. Cerebrum • _____ part • All _______ activity • Intelligence, learning…

  16. 4 lobes • ______ • Parietal • _______ • occipital

  17. 2 hemispheres • L&R control ______ side of body

  18. cerebral cortex • Outer layer • “____ matter”

  19. Cerebellum • ____________ • Learning a new physical activity difficult

  20. Brain Stem • Connects to _____ cord • Reptilian brain

  21. Medulla ________ • Involuntary functions • Breathing, _______, heart rate, coughing

  22. Thalamus • Sensory ______ • ______ is only ________

  23. ___________ • Hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, temperature

  24. Brain Function • Cerebral cortex • Locations of specifics • Wilder Penfield

  25. Brain Waves • Electroencephalogram (EEG) • Weak ______ signals

  26. Sleep • Lowest level of brain activity • Brain needs 5-9 hours, body-3 hours

  27. Memory • Long-term/short term • _____ stick best • More ______ better

  28. Motor Division a part of the ________ NS • _______ nervous system • ________nervous system (smooth muscle control)

  29. Reflexes • ______ arch -sensor, motor, effector muscles work w/out brain

  30. Sensory Division (preview page) • Sight • _______ • Smell • _______ • Touch

  31. Vision • Light image sensing • _ layers in eyes

  32. Outer layer • ______- whites- maintains shape & attatches muscle • ______ -light entry

  33. Middle layer • Anterior chamber • ________ humor

  34. Middle layer • Iris- gives eye _____ • Holds blood vessels • Regulates ____ size

  35. Middle layer • Pupil- black ______ for light entry

  36. Middle layer • Lens- ______ behind pupil bends light for focus

  37. Middle layer • ______ chamber- filled with vitreous humor (Liquid)

  38. Inner Layer • ______- with ____________ makes images

  39. Inner Layer • Cones- ______ • _____- b&w

  40. Hearing • _________ • Sense Pitch & volume

  41. _______ (hammer) • ______ (anvil) • ______ (stirrup)

  42. _______ moves sound to the auditory nerve

  43. Balance Semicircular Canal • ______ ______ stones for balance

  44. Smell • _________ are cause • Not much is known about it

  45. Taste • Taste buds- 4 types • _____, salty, _____, bitter • Related to smell

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