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Chapter 1

Chapter 1. The Human Body. Introduction. Anatomy - the study of the structure of the body Physiology - the study of the function of the body parts Basic reference systems directions, planes, cavities, structural units. Terms of Direction. Orientation and Directional Terms. Table 1.1.

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Chapter 1

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  1. Chapter 1 The Human Body

  2. Introduction • Anatomy - the study of the structure of the body • Physiology - the study of the function of the body parts • Basic reference systems • directions, planes, cavities, structural units

  3. Terms of Direction

  4. Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1

  5. Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (cont)

  6. Planes

  7. Cavities • Dorsal • cranial, spinal • Ventral • thoracic, abdominopelvic

  8. Body Cavities Figure 1.7

  9. Abdominopelvic Quadrants Figure 1.8a

  10. Abdominopelvic Regions Figure 1.8b

  11. Body Planes Figure 1.6

  12. Body Landmarks • Anterior Figure 1.5a

  13. Body Landmarks • Posterior Figure 1.5b

  14. Structural Units

  15. Cells • Smallest units of life • Perform all activities necessary to maintain life • metabolism, assimilation, digestion, excretion, reproduction

  16. Tissues • Made up of different types of cells • Epithelial - covers and protects • Connective - binds and supports other tissues • Muscle - movement • Nervous - connects sensory structures to motor structures

  17. Organs • Cells integrated into tissues • Serve a common function • Examples • liver • stomach

  18. Systems A group of organs that perform a common function

  19. Organ System Overview • Integumentary • Forms the external bodycovering • Protects deeper tissue frominjury • Synthesizes vitamin D • Location of cutaneousnerve receptors Figure 1.2a

  20. Organ System Overview • Skeletal • Protects and supportsbody organs • Provides muscleattachment for movement • Site of blood cellformation • Stores mineral Figure 1.2b

  21. Organ System Overview • Muscular • Allows locomotion • Maintains posture • Produces heat Figure 1.2c

  22. Organ System Overview • Nervous • Fast-acting controlsystem • Responds to internal andexternal change • Activates muscles andglands Figure 1.2d

  23. Organ System Overview • Endocrine • Secretes regulatoryhormones • Growth • Reproduction • Metabolism Figure 1.2e

  24. Organ System Overview • Cardiovascular • Transports materials in bodyvia blood pumped by heart • Oxygen • Carbon dioxide • Nutrients • Wastes Figure 1.2f

  25. Organ System Overview • Lymphatic • Returns fluids to blood vessels • Disposes of debris • Involved in immunity Figure 1.2g

  26. Organ System Overview • Respiratory • Keeps blood supplied with oxygen • Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h

  27. Organ System Overview • Digestive • Breaks down food • Allows for nutrient absorption into blood • Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1.2i

  28. Organ System Overview • Urinary • Eliminates nitrogenous wastes • Maintains acid – base balance • Regulates water and electrolytes Figure 1.2j

  29. Organ System Overview • Reproductive • Production of offspring Figure 1.2k

  30. Homeostasis • Maintenance of the body’s internal environment • Negative feedback loop • Examples • blood sugar levels • body temperature

  31. Homeostasis • Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium • Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life • Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

  32. http://www.pennmedicine.org/encyclopedia/em_DisplayAnimation.aspx?gcid=000070&ptid=17http://www.pennmedicine.org/encyclopedia/em_DisplayAnimation.aspx?gcid=000070&ptid=17

  33. Overview of Homeostasis Figure 1.4

  34. Maintaining Homeostasis • The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems • Receptor • Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) • Sends information to control center

  35. Maintaining Homeostasis • Control center • Determines set point • Analyzes information • Determines appropriate response • Effector • Provides a means for response to the stimulus

  36. Feedback Mechanisms • Negative feedback • Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms • Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity • Works like a household thermostat

  37. Feedback Mechanisms • Positive feedback • Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther • In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby

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