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Psychology An Introduction Tenth Edition

Psychology An Introduction Tenth Edition. by Benjamin B. Lahey Slides by Ann Butzin Owens State Community College. 1. What Is Psychology. What Is Psychology. The Origins of Psychology. Aristotle Psyche – essence of life Psychology – study of life. What Is Psychology.

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Psychology An Introduction Tenth Edition

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  1. PsychologyAn IntroductionTenth Edition by Benjamin B. Lahey Slides by Ann Butzin Owens State Community College

  2. 1 What Is Psychology

  3. What Is Psychology The Origins of Psychology • Aristotle • Psyche – essence of life • Psychology – study of life

  4. What Is Psychology Definition of Psychology • Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes. • Science – careful, controlled observation • Mental processes – private thoughts, emotions, feelings, motives that others cannot directly observe

  5. What Is Psychology Goals of Psychology • Describe • Predict • Understand • Influence

  6. What Is Psychology The Many Viewpoints in Psychology and Their Origins • Wilhelm Wundt • First laboratory in psychology, 1879 • William James • Lab in Harvard University, 1875 • Many people founded psychology

  7. What Is Psychology Nature of Conscious Experience • Wundt and Titchner • Introspection • Observe contents of own mind • Describe sensations • Structuralism • Structure of mind • J. Henry Alston • Studies of sensations of heat and cold

  8. What Is Psychology Nature of Conscious Experience • Max Wertheimer • Gestalt psychology • Gestalt – the whole • Phi phenomenon – the whole is different from the sum of its parts

  9. What Is Psychology Functions of the Conscious Mind • William James • Functionalism • Interested in what the mind could do • Influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution • Critical of structuralist view

  10. What Is Psychology Functions of the Conscious Mind • Hermann Ebbinghaus • Measurement of memory • Meaningful and nonsense information • Mary Calkins • Functionalist • Memory and related bits of information • Paired associates method

  11. What Is Psychology Functions of the Conscious Mind • Cognitive psychology • Modern version of functionalism • Strongly influenced by Gestalt and structuralism • Cognitive processes – functions of human consciousness • Cognition – all intellectual processes

  12. What Is Psychology Psychometrics: Alfred Binet • Founded 1st psychology lab in France • Developed way to measure intelligence • Identify intelligent children for extensive education in France • Test modified in U.S. • Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale • Psychometrics – measurement of mental functions

  13. What Is Psychology Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory • Behaviorists influenced by Darwin and learning from experience • Ivan Pavlov • Conditioning – simple form of learning • Precise scientific way of studying learning

  14. What Is Psychology Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory • John Watson and Margaret Washburn • Impressed by Pavlov’s scientific precision • Behaviorism - human behavior learned through classical conditioning • Should study only overt behavior • B.F. Skinner • Strict behaviorist – no mental processes

  15. What Is Psychology Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory • Social learning theory • Broader version of behaviorism • Albert Bandura • Most of behavior learned from others in society • Important theroetical view today

  16. What Is Psychology Neuroscience Perspective • Interested in relationship between biological nature and psychological nature • How structures of brain influence behavior • Influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution – compare different species and humans • Neurons and complex connections • Active and inactive states of human brain

  17. What Is Psychology Nature of the “Unconscious Mind” • Mental processes that we are unaware of • Sigmund Freud • Founder of psychoanalysis • Unconscious mind • Innate motives • Conflicts influence behavior • Sexual and aggressive are most important

  18. What Is Psychology Nature of the “Unconscious Mind” • Humanistic psychology • Maslow, Rogers, and Frankl • Human fate based on conscious decisions • Society is cause of self-defeating unconscious mind – bombarded with inaccurate information • Self-concept – our view of what we are like • Negative information causes anxiety • Difficult to have accurate self-concept

  19. What Is Psychology Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology • Sociocultural perspective • People are different – gender, cultural heritage, age, sexual orientation, and unique experiences • Derived from social anthropology • Shaped by social learning theory – personalities, beliefs, attitudes, and skills learned from others • Full understanding within sociocultural context

  20. What Is Psychology Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology • Sociocultural perspective • Culture – patterns of behavior, beliefs, values shared by a people • Ethnic group – persons who are descendants of common group of ancestors • Ethnic identity – one’s sense of belonging to a particular ethnic group; sharing their culture

  21. What Is Psychology Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology • Sociocultural perspective • Gender identity – viewing oneself as female or male • Cultural relativity • Think in relative terms, not judgmental • All cultures are different, none inferior • Usually more differences within groups than between groups

  22. What Is Psychology Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology • Sociocultural perspective in psychology • Psychology overemphasizes same, neglects diversity • History of psychology – Prejudiced against females and people of color • Roadblocks in education and employment • Today – formal barriers dropped but some prejudice still exists

  23. What Is Psychology Evolutionary Psychology • Studies behavior of animals and humans • Influenced by Darwin’s natural selection • Spontaneous change or mutation in gene – thefittest survive • Fitness – reproducing offspring to carry mutated gene to future generations • Hard wired differences in men and women

  24. What Is Psychology Evolutionary Psychology • Positive psychology movement • Study positive aspects of human lives • Seligman – positive psychology as new school of thought • Study health and happiness

  25. What Is Psychology Specialty Areas of Modern Psychology • Applied psychologists – research studies • Basic areas of modern psychology • Biological psychology • Sensation and perception • Motivation and emotion • Developmental psychology • Sociocultural psychology • Cognition • Personality • Social psychology

  26. What Is Psychology Specialty Areas of Modern Psychology • Applied areas of modern psychology • Clinical psychology • Counseling psychology • Educational and school psychology • Industrial and organizational psychology • Health psychology

  27. What Is Psychology Specialty Areas of Modern Psychology • Relationship between psychology and psychiatry • Psychiatrist – M.D. degree , residency training in psychiatry and medical internship • Psychologist – Ph.D. or Psy.D., internship in clinical psychology

  28. What Is Psychology What We Know About Human Behavior • Human beings are biological creatures • Every person is different, yet much the same • Can fully understand people in their social context • Human life is continuous process of change • Behavior is motivated • Humans are social animals • People are active in creating experiences • Behavior can be adaptive or maladaptive

  29. What Is Psychology 1 The End

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