如何促进学生词汇学习的有效性？

Welcome to share my ideas! 如何促进学生词汇学习的有效性？绍兴县鲁迅中学孙云珍 2009. 7.2

新课标对词汇的七级要求 • 2009年浙江省普通高考考试说明从普通高中《英语课程标准》（实验）中精选了2500左右的单词作为高考命题的词汇范围。 • 浙江省高考词汇要求相当于《英语课程标准》对学生词汇的七级要求。

普通高中《英语课程标准》（实验）对学生词汇的七级要求：普通高中《英语课程标准》（实验）对学生词汇的七级要求： • 1、理解话语中词汇表达的不同功能、意图和态度；（个人情感意志的需求） • 2、运用词汇给事物命名、进行指称、描述行为和特征、说明概念等（强调运用）； • 3、学会使用2400－2500个单词和300—400个习惯用语或固定搭配； • 4、了解英语单词的词义变化以及日常生活中出现的新单词（时代性）。

这说明，在教词汇的时候要从运用的角度出发，而不是从定义的角度入手；这说明，在教词汇的时候要从运用的角度出发，而不是从定义的角度入手； • 要与技能结合，而不是单纯知识灌输; • 要在话语中学，而不是词典搬家； • 要创设运用的情境，而不仅仅是让学生背例句。

中学英语词汇教与学的现状 • 词汇量的摄入与巩固矛盾突出。 • 教学方面存在的弊端： 1、生词复现率太低。新教材话题多，范围广，词汇量大，复现率低，故遗忘率高。 2、词汇教学方法乏味，主次不分，平均用力。 3、词汇检查手段单一。 • 学习方面存在的症结: 1、目标不明，记忆方法不当。 2、母语定势心理。学生常用汉语词汇的词性、释义等来规范英语词汇，用汉语的语言习惯来表达英语，阻碍和干扰对英语词汇的学习。 3、阅读量小，复习巩固不及时。

那么高中的词汇教学应该怎样处理才有利于学生语言能力的发展呢？或者说如何促进学生词汇学习的有效性呢？ • 学法指导贯穿始终，激活学生学习策略; • 词汇教学注重多样，激发学生思维过程； • 词汇教学渗透过程，强化学生运用能力； • 词汇学习增加输入，扩大学生资源策略。

一、学法指导贯穿始终，激活学生学习策略 • 英语词汇是有规律的，成体系的。因此，词汇教学应充分运用整体教学法，使学生依据词汇内部的形、音、义、构造、用法的纵横联系去掌握词汇。比如： • 音、形、义结合，构词策略，语境策略，直观教学，组块学习，类比联想，归类总结，使用词典，记忆的间隔效应（有间断地复述刺激信息）等等。 • 例略

二、词汇教学注重多样，激发学生思维过程 （一）词汇教学语境化――体会用法，思考意义 • 1、利用语境，识词辩义。 • My parents are presenting the people present with presents at present. • The boy laying the table lied that the hen lying there had just laid two big eggs. • The sleeping child is sound asleep now, so by the time he is awake, he won’t feel sleepy.

2 、一词多义，置于情境。 • Today is my birthday. When I came home with a light heart（adj.轻松的）, my parents were busy preparing dinner. The light in the room was poor（n. 光线）, so I turned on the lights（n.灯）. Now our room was bright with all the lights on. （n. 灯）Soon dinner was ready. My father turned off the lights（n. 灯）and lighted（v.点燃）the candles on the cake which lit up （v.照亮，使明亮）the room. Light music（轻音乐） was played. I prayed for my dream. When I opened my eyes, the lights（n. 灯） were on again. In my mother’s hand lay a present which was a light（adj.轻的） silk scarf with a light (adj.浅色的，淡色的) blue flower in the middle. How beautiful it was! How happy I was!

3、英语解释，明确意义。 • 单词、词组、句子 • 如M8 Unit 3 Inventors and Inventions • 1.You’ll know if I succeed by the size of my bank balance. • 2. All really big discoveries are the result of thought. • 3. Leave the beaten track occasionally and dive into the wood. • 4. Bell was an inventor all his life. • 5. The day is coming when telegraph wires will be laid on to houses just like water or gas.

4 、文化差异，英汉对比。 • 英汉文化不同，表达方式也不同。为了使学生用英语时思想通畅，就应把英汉的差异点作为教学的难点和重点，进行有针对性的实践练习，达到习惯成自然的地步。 • 汉语英语 • 我的英语好。 I’m good at English. • 我的生活好。 I’m living a happy life. • 我的身体好。 I’m in good health./ I’m fine/ well. • 我的视力好。 I have a good eyesight. • 我的生意好。 I have good business./ My business is booming./ I’m getting on well with my business. • 我一切都好。 Everything goes on well with me. Everything is O.K with me.

四川发生大地震。 A strong earthquake happened /took place/ occurred in Sichuan. A strong earthquake hit / struck Sichuan. Sichuan was struck/ hit by a strong earthquake.

5 、搭配不同，复用举例。 • 英语中有许多同义词在与其他词使用的规则上或在适用的句式和位置分配上往往有约定俗成的“习惯用法”，如果将它们所组合的词组或句子排列起来加以比较，学生对它们的概念就会更清楚。 • 如：gain (full marks, honour, experience, respect…); • earn (wage, a living, bread, a reputation, admiration, respect …); • win (a prize, a war, a match, a victory…) • beat (sb, a team, a class, a school, an army, the world record... ) • defeat (sb, a team, the enemy, her hopes of election…)

To winthe battle, the soldiers, who were by no means easily beaten, were encouraged to gainall their strength to defeat the enemy, and drive them out of the country for good. Their braveryearned them great reputation and admiration.

6、一句多译，曲折表达。 • 他是班上最好的学生。 • He is the best student in the class. • He is better than anyone else / any other student in the class. • He is better than any of the other students / all the other students in the class. • Nobody else in the class is as good as he. • He is ahead of any other student in the class.

二、词汇教学注重多样，激发学生思维过程 （二）词汇教学主题化――丰富词汇，强化运用 • 1、头脑风暴，思维辐射。 • 课文中每个话题都可列出许许多多与话题有关的词、词组、句式、相关文章等等。进行大量输入，反复刺激，不但使学生巩固词汇，使他们有话可说，而且能为写作作好铺垫。如话题disaster

说出很多相关的词汇：earthquake, flood, drought, typhoon, hurricane, fire, volcano eruption, storm, snow storm, sand storm, thunder storm, landslide, avalanche（雪崩，山崩）,mountain landslide（山体滑坡）, torrential rain（山洪，暴雨）, tsunami. • 利用联想找出许多与natural disaster有“牵连”的动词、词组等。（下面例略） • 由这些现象想到各种原因与结果的相关词汇， • 由结果联想到相应的人为原因的词汇， • 针对这些现象可采取哪些措施的词汇等等。 • 转入话题讨论

2 、激发兴趣，话题讨论。 • 话题讨论是词汇理解与运用的突破口。教材中每一单元都有一个中心话题以及相关词汇。因此，教师课前要有效导入，引出重点词汇，课中要围绕重点，以话题为主线，理顺逻辑，层层推进。 • 例： Unit 2 M8 Cloning • What do you know about cloning? (definition, kinds of cloning, benefits, questions, etc.) • Retell the procedures of sheep cloning • Is cloning good or bad?

例：Unit 2 M5 Writing • Describing a place/ building • Brainstorming: Words relevant to a place or building • n. …相关名胜、建筑、可欣赏的项目等 • v. …如何旅游、看、欣赏 • adj. • fascinating, charming, superb, wonderful, fantastic, terrific, gorgeous, break-taking, spellbinding, famous, well-known, amazing, magnificent, huge, pretty, grand, beautiful, oddly-shaped, curiously-shaped, excellent, popular, interesting, attractive, exciting, thrilling, impressive, delighting, spectacular, modern, historical, cultural…

Expressions（《英语同步阅读与写作》－葛炳芳）Expressions（《英语同步阅读与写作》－葛炳芳） • Location …lies/ stands/ near/ behind/ in front of/ by the side of…/between/ among… …is situated/ located in/ on/ to/ at… There stands/ sits / lies/ exists/ live… • Surroundings …is located/ situated on the west of the lake/ to the east of the mountain/ in the east of the province West of the city stands a tall building. It’s about 40 km northeast of … Surrounded by mountains on three sides, the small village faces a clear river on the east. Vancouver is surrounded by mountains on the north and east and the Pacific on the west.

Population … has a small/ large population of… …a…country with a population of… …percent of the population here are… • Area Tian’an Men Square, the largest square in the world, covers/ has/ occupies an area of… Tian’an Men Square, covering an area of … is the largest square in the world. The square is 2,000 metres long and 1,500 metres wide. Our school, which takes up 63 square kilometres, is very large in size.

History …has a history of over… ／…a…with a long history. …is …years old. / dates back to/ dates from… • Places of interest In… there are many places of interest, such as / like… …is one of the most well-known places of interest in the world. …is known as a paradise for… … is like a beautiful landscape painting …is a feast for the eyes. …was built in memory of…/ in the style / shape of it is a wise choice/ alternative to…, get the itch to travel, feel the urge to …

Benefits A trip to… will give you a glimpse of … A tour of…will broaden your horizons. A walk through the downtown… is a history lesson and an adventure. … the perfect place for a walk/ swim/ surf …enjoy / have/ get a beautiful/ superb view of… …overlooking the broad St. Lawrence River …be fascinated by the oddly-shaped hills and peaks along the river and also reflects in the clear water. … a lively mix of an old village culture and the excitement of an international area. offer a variety of entertainment, a wide range of…

Writing Structure • Para 1Introduction: set the place • (name and location of the place/ building, reason(s) for choosing it) • Para 2 Main body: overall look and particular details (Place: sights, facilities, free-time activities Building: first look and specific details) • Para 3 Conclusion: feelings and final thoughts about the place/ building plus recommendation

高二（16）班陈晓伊等6人 Discussion and writing: Welcome to Shaoxing 编者点评：作者以饱含深情的文笔介绍民美丽的绍兴。优美的风景，深厚的文化底蕴，诱人的小吃，传统与现代交融的城市建筑，这就是历史文化名城绍兴。在这里，你不仅可以感受到繁荣与忙碌，也可以享受到“偷得浮生半日闲”的悠然与闲适。文章过渡自然顺畅，恰到好处地使用了复合句及高级词汇，显示出作者深厚的语言功底。

Shaoxing is not what can easily be ignoredeven by the most demanding visitor.Located in the north of Zhejiang Province with a population of over four million people, it is the destination of thousands of visitors who come every year to experience the culture and history of one of the charming historical cities in China.

The most exciting thing about Shaoxing is how much there is to see, eat and do there.For the fans of Luxun,the best choice is the Former Residence of Lunxun. Lunxun, who was honoured as the soul of the nation, is not only the pride of Shaoxing but also the pride of China. A trip to the Tomb of Yu the Great is a history lesson. So is Fushan mountain.For sightseers, the East Lake is like a beautiful landscape painting. Besides, Lanting Pavilion is known as the paradise of calligraphy.

In addition, the City Square, covering an area of several hundred square metres, is in the centre of the city. It’s worth your visit.You will be fascinated by both the modern buildings and the old constructions. Drifting along the small rivers, you can not only enjoy the view of the city’s prosperity but also experience the peaceful life.

If you are a person who is interested in all kinds of delicious food, it’s right for you to visit Shaoxing. There are a number of local products. Have you ever heard of the yellow wine made from the special water from Jianhu Lake? Have you tasted tofu which has a special smell? Have you tried the beans flavoured with aniseed? If not, try them!Once you drink the wine, you’ll never forget its unique taste. Whenyou eat the smelly tofu, you will fall in love with it. If you try the fennel beans, you’d like to have more.

Shaoxing is such a lively and charming city to visit with something for everyone. I’m sure it will be a feast for your eyes and your mouth as well. • Welcome to Shaoxing.

三、词汇教学渗透过程，强化学生运用能力 • 用中学词汇――词汇教学，过程体现，听说读写，反复运用 1 、突出重点，梯度体现。 • 单元词汇教学过程要注意梯度性。单元词汇教学应分轻重缓急，保证突出重点，分散难点，在不同的活动中处理词汇。如在听力中的词汇应在听力练习过程中教学，阅读中的词汇要在阅读过程中体现。

2 、有效导入，反复呈现。 • 模块小结中单词均与主题相关。在听、说、读、写各项技能训练之前，通过有效导入，明确地将要学习或复现的生词呈现出来，便于学生在具体的语言练习操作中学习掌握。

3、听说读写，紧密结合。 • 词汇练习与各项技能训练紧密结合，不孤立训练单词。 • Vocabulary and listening • Vocabulary and speaking • Vocabulary and reading • Vocabulary and grammar • Vocabulary and writing

听力渗透 • 交际运用 • 阅读依托 1）猜测词义 2）课文复述 3）突出重点 4）纵横联系 • 语法结合 • 写作落实 • 课后综合

课后综合 • 每上完一个单元，都要求学生利用本单元词汇进行小组讨论编成片段，批改后加以点评，表扬优秀小组、创新小组，并及时展览。

Go hiking 高二（16）班沈佳佳、金飞婷、董桂丽、沈梦骅、王飞、徐天骅 This spring Iwent on a hike with my family. We had a great day—a day of pure magic. Ithought it was the most fantastic thing I had ever done. We set out in the early morning for our destination— a mountain. We really had a good view on the way to the top of the mountain. At the foot of the mountain, we found green grasses sticking out their heads out of the hard black soil and a variety of colourful flowers showing their pretty shapes.

I especially loved little red flowers. Little buds and new leaves came out of the trees..With warm wind blowing gently, all the grasses, flowers and leaves bowed to us as if they were welcoming us. As we went higher, the path became narrower andmoredifficult to walk on. Suddenly I saw something movingin the grass. It was a long grey snake. I was scared to death and my heart was beating wildly. Luckily, it disappeared sooner.

Wekept walking, enjoying the nice sounds of the birds. Then we heard a huge noise coming from behind the trees. Walking through the trees, we could see a spectacular waterfall in the distance.As we got closer, the noise became louder, like thousands of people beating the drum. It was an absolutely fantastic sight. A thick stream of water poured down the mountain side,beating the big stone, flying wildly and singing merrily.Seeing such extraordinary beauty, I felt every cell in my body woke up. Having climbed for a long time, I was too tired to walk on, so I picked up a branch of a tree tosupport myself.

After an hour’s walk, wemanaged to stand at the top of the mountain. I looked up and saw a red sun rising from the horizon and white clouds were painted into light red. Turning around, I was aware that everything around me was vivid.Whata magnificent view. It was the first time that I had got into the depths of nature. It was like discovering a whole new dimension of life. I had never had such a deep feeling of the beauty of nature.

05.9.16 学生双语报高二版 Last Adventure 高二（２０）班高佳敏 • "Good heavens!" I shouted when I caught sight of the screen, knowing that I was running out of gas. I had no choice but to get down on the nearest planet to see whether I could find someone to turn to. With this wish in my mind, I started my last adventure.

You couldn’t imagine the horrors of what I saw. Still with one foot in the spaceship, I found myself surrounded by a crowd of strange creatures armed with special kinds of guns. Yes, they were strange and ugly. Although I had traveled in space for so many years, I had never met such aliens. Their huge bodies were 10 to 20 feet tall. They had yellow eyes like light bulbs and their faces, which looked unfriendly, made my hair stand on the end. As the saying goes,"Do in Rome as the Romans do". I knew I'd better behave myself. "Hello," I greeted in a weak voice in the hope of getting the same word in return.

Unfortunately, they did not show any friendship to me. I was put into a cage by force.It seemed impossible to attract their attention by shouting loudly or beating fiercely against the cage. I felt so hopeless and was almost ready to give up when suddenly a voice came from behind my back. "It's useless. Be calm, my friend!" I turned around and saw another huge ugly body. But somehow I realised that he was worth believing in. And after we talked for a while, I began to understand the history of this mysterious planet.

It used to be a beautiful world which enjoyed the boom of a powerful civilisationwith trees everywhere, butterflies flying around and birds singing happily. Almost everybody lived a care-free life.Unluckily, no one noticed the decreasing resourceswith the ever-increasing population. The people were busy cutting down trees in order to develop farming and industry. Large areas of forests were replaced by farm land and rows of big factories. Heavy smoke came out of factories while waste water was pumped into the river. The weather was getting warmer and warmer year by year.It wasn’t long before natural disasters happened one after another. The animals began to die out and people were in danger.

Worse still, a civil war broke out and everything changed. One had to fight in order to get oil, gas, and even bread. There were deaths and injures every day. At last,a law was made that all the citizens should be killed at the age of five. • Looking at the endless sand and imaging the wonderful scene he described, I really got shocked. That might be the tomorrow of my own planet. How terrible!

"Tomorrow is my five-year birthday!" This was the last sentence of our conversation. Both of us were speechless and the suffocating silence lasted the rest of the night. But for the whole night it was hard not to see the tears rolling down from his eyes and to feel the great sorrow in his heart. • It was in this perishing cold cage that I missed my home so much for the first time. The earth, my earth...

四、词汇学习增加输入，扩大学生资源策略 1 、欣赏阅读，储存记忆。 • 欣赏特殊的句型和句式。 • It was the first timein a year and a halfthat I’d seenthe night face to face. • Only then did wedecide to answer violence with violence. • 欣赏文中的精彩词语和句子。如：The last thirty years have seenthe greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress,untiltoday we have reached a stagewherewe have almost no rights at all.

欣赏描写特定场景和特殊心境的词语与句式。有些作者选用某些特殊的句型或句式来增强文章的感染力，从而更好地表达情感。如JackLondon关于对地震的描述：Never before in history has a city beenso completely destroyed. San Franciscois gone. Nothing is left of it butmemories and some houses far from the centre of the city. Its businessesare gone. The factories, hotels and palacesare all gone, too….There was no stoppingthe fires. There was no way toorganize or communicate…. • A list ofbuildings undestroyed was nowonly a few addresses.A list ofbrave men and womenwould fill the library. A list ofall those killed willnever be made.

美文诵读 • Life is a great joke most of the time; however, the problem is that most people treat this joke very seriously. Life is given to us for enjoying and having fun, while we all see lots of sorrow and unhappiness around us. The amazing fact is that most of this sorrow and unhappiness is our creation. We make most mistakes in life due to our greed. However, in all this run we miss many beautiful moments of life. • …

2、巧用语料，多次开发。 • 课本材料的多次开发 • 首先把课文作为信息处理—阅读，克服生词障碍，获取信息； • 把课文作为知识赖以生存的语境—处理词汇、语法、语音； • 把课文作为技能训练的材料—设小专题结合经验，进行听说读写交流活动； • 把课文作为思维训练的材料—篇章分析，挖掘课文中的思考题； • 以课文话题为中心，链接、滚动、扩展。（例话题编写）

如：语法填空

如何促进学生词汇 学习的有效性？