Happy Tuesday!

1. Happy Tuesday! • Have the following materials out BEFORE THE BELL RINGS: • Notes from yesterday • pen or pencil

2. McCarthyism and The Crucible

3. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s America was overwhelmed with concerns about the threat of communism growing in Eastern Europe and China. The Second Red Scare

4. Was this fear justified? Well…yes and no… Because the Communist Party in the United States helped to organize labor unions and was opposed to fascism, it gained a membership of about 75,000 members in 1940-1941.

5. The Cold War During WWII, the United States was allied with the Soviet Union. When we were fighting together, no one cared about communism. After WWII, as the Soviet Union expanded its territory, the Cold War and fears of communism began again.

6. The Soviet Union tested an atomic bomb in 1949, earlier than many analysts had expected. One thing that scared us…

7. Another scary thing… That same year, Mao Zedong's Communist army gained control of mainland China despite heavy American financial support of the opposing Kuomintang.

8. And also… In 1950, the Korean War began, pitting U.S., U.N., and South Korean forces against Communists from North Korea and China.

9. A Marine Corps veteran of World War II, McCarthy was elected to the U.S. Senate from Wisconsin in 1946. Who is Joseph McCarthy?

10. 1950 Joseph McCarthy speech He leapt to national fame on February 9, 1950 with a speech in Wheeling, West Virginia, where he waved a piece of paper and claimed "I have in my hand" a list of known communist loyalists working in the State Department.

11. While the House Un-American Activities Committee had been formed in 1938 as an anti-Communist organ, McCarthy’s accusations heightened the political tensions of the times. House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

12. The Committee began to subpoena screenwriters, directors, and other movie industry professionals to testify about their known or suspected membership in the Communist Party. HUAC Investigates Hollywood

13. “Are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party of the United States?" The Committee Wants to Know

14. Hollywood Ten Among the first film industry witnesses subpoenaed by the Committee were ten who decided not to cooperate. These men, who became known as the Hollywood Ten, not only refused to cooperate with the investigation but denounced the HUAC anti-communist hearings as an outrageous violation of their civil rights, as the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution gave them the right to belong to any political organization they chose.

15. Real Life Repercussions The ten were sentenced to 6 months to 1 year in prison for contempt of Congress. They were also blacklisted from working in the film industry in Hollywood, until the 1960s when the ban was lifted.

16. Arthur Miller had already been named as a suspected communist by another suspect at the hearings. Miller (now married to Marilyn Monroe) applied for a new passport. The HUAC used this opportunity to subpoena him to appear before the committee. Arthur Miller and HUAC

17. Before appearing, Miller asked the committee not to ask him to name names, to which the chairman agreed but later ignored the agreement. When Miller attended the hearing, he gave the committee a detailed account of his political activities (leaving out the fact that he was a communist party member).

18. Miller in trouble • Miller refused to name others, saying "I could not use the name of another person and bring trouble on him.“ As a result a judge found Miller guilty of contempt of Congress in May 1957. Miller was fined $500, sentenced to thirty days in prison, blacklisted, and disallowed a U.S. passport. (sentence later overturned)

19. McCarthy examined authors for allegations of Communist influence. Yielding to the pressure, the State Department ordered its overseas librarians to remove these books from their shelves. Some libraries actually burned the newly forbidden books. Memorial to burned books Banned Books

20. McCarthy's committee then began an investigation into the United States Army. McCarthy garnered some headlines with stories of a dangerous spy ring among the Army researchers, but ultimately nothing came of this investigation A New Target

21. Army-McCarthy Hearings McCarthy next turned his attention to the case of a U.S. Army dentist who had been promoted to the rank of major despite having refused to answer questions on an Army loyalty review form. McCarthy's handling of this investigation, including a series of insults directed at a brigadier general, led to the Army-McCarthy hearings.

23. McCarthy Flops The Army and McCarthy traded charges and counter-charges for 36 days before a nationwide television audience. While the official outcome of the hearings was inconclusive, this exposure of McCarthy to the American public resulted in a sharp decline in his popularity

24. McCarthy fall from popularity In less than a year, McCarthy’s position as a prominent force in anti-communism was essentially ended. On December 2, 1954, the Senate voted to censure Senator McCarthy by a vote of 67 to 22, making him one of the few senators ever to be disciplined in this fashion.

25. McCarthy died on May 2, 1957, at the age of 48. The official cause of death was acute hepatitis; it is widely accepted that this was exacerbated by alcoholism. About three years later…

26. Victims of McCarthyism The number imprisoned is in the hundreds, and some ten or twelve thousand lost their jobs. Some of those who were imprisoned or lost their jobs did in fact have some connection with the Communist Party. But for most, both the potential harm to the nation and the nature of their communist affiliation were tenuous.

27. Homosexuals targeted McCarthy did not just go after suspected communists, he also targeted gays. The hunt for "sexual perverts", who were presumed to be subversive by nature, resulted in thousands being harassed and denied employment.

28. The play focused heavily on the fact that once accused, a person would have little chance of exoneration, given the irrational and circular reasoning of both the courts and the public. The Crucible and McCarthyism

29. Introduction to The Crucible Arthur Miller and Joseph McCarthy

30. Part I: Overview • American play • Written in the 1950s • Playwright: Arthur Miller • Focuses on residents of Salem, Massachusetts • Issues: greed, guilt, motivation, morality

31. Overview: American Drama • 1950s drama was heavily influenced by: • World War II just ending • The desire for change • Feelings of guilt and exploration of identity • The Crucible premiered in January 1953 in New York City.

32. Overview: Arthur Miller • Born in 1915 in New York City • His father’s business failed because of the Depression • Family moved around a lot because of poverty • Attended the University of Michigan

33. Overview: Arthur Miller • Returned to NYC after graduating college • No luck with writing! • Finally had a play of his on Broadway • All My Sons (1947) • In 1949, wrote Death of a Salesman

34. Overview: Arthur Miller • Married Marilyn Monroe (lucky guy!) • Divorced after a few years • Had three wives altogether • Wrote The Crucible in the early 1950s • Was accused of being a Communist • Died in 2005

35. Overview: Salem, Massachusetts • Located on the coast of Massachusetts • Settled mainly by Puritans in 1626 • A group of people who left England so they could practice religious freedom • Often let their religious beliefs guide their daily lives • Most known for the Salem Witch Trials of 1692 • Nickname: “The Witch City”

36. Overview: Issues • Greed: How do you define greed? Is greed ever a good thing? • Guilt: What leads people to feel guilt? • Motivation: What is the biggest motivator in your life? • Morality: List your top three “moral rules.” • How do these fit into our ideas of America?

37. The Facts • Young girl named Betty Parris became ill • Fever, extreme pain, running around the house • More children in Salem became ill • Ann Putnam, Mercy Lewis, Mary Walcott • Doctors were called in to find the reason for this sickness

38. But… • Doctors couldn’t explain illness, so they defaulted to “witchcraft” • Townspeople were easily convinced • A servant in town was suspected of witchcraft • Townspeople decided to arrest the servant, Tituba, and an older woman for witchcraft

39. Why did this happen? • People were suspicious/fearful • A book about witchcraft had just been published by Cotton Mather • People were at war with Native Americans • Death/evil were on the mind of many (because of fighting and disease) • Puritan culture easily accepted the devil as the source of evil/wrong in life

40. “The Crucible” and Communism • Allegory: work of literature that tells one story on the surface while referring to another sub textually • Comparing the play to the Red Scare • Can you see how these historical events are similar to those of the Salem Witch Trials?

41. Part IV: Character Introduction • Protagonist=Main character • Antagonist=Who/what the protagonist is “fighting” vs

42. Character Introduction • Abigail Williams: • Leader of the group of girls • Having an affair with John Proctor • Smart, manipulative, jealous

43. Character Introduction • John Proctor: • Farmer • Married, but having an affair with Abigail • Proud and (usually) honest

44. Character Introduction • Elizabeth Proctor: • John Proctor’s wife • Moral and honest • Sometimes seen as “cold”

45. Character Introduction • The Girls: • Betty Parris: Daughter of the town minister • Ruth Putnam: Daughter of a wealthy, greedy landowner • Mary Warren: Servant of the Proctors • Mercy Lewis: Servant of the Putnams

46. Character Introduction • Reverend Parris: • Town minister • Paranoid • Concerned with what others think of him

47. Character Introduction • John Hale: • “Expert” on witchcraft • Asked to come to Salem for his knowledge • Intelligent and logical

48. Character Introduction • Tituba: • Slave from Barbados • Performs voodoo • Accused of witchcraft

49. Major Themes • Intolerance: • In Salem, everything and everyone belongs to either God or the devil; dissent is not merely unlawful, it is associated with satanic activity. • Hysteria: • In the end, hysteria can thrive only because people benefit from it. It suspends the rules of daily life and allows the acting out of every dark desire and hateful urge under the cover of righteousness.

50. Major Themes • Reputation: • In an environment where reputation plays such an important role, the fear of guilt by association becomes particularly malicious. Focused on maintaining public reputation, the townsfolk of Salem must fear that the sins of their friends and associates will taint their names. Various characters base their actions on the desire to protect their respective reputations.