1 / 28

AP Final Review

AP Final Review . Part II. I. French Revolution. Crisis of the French Monarchy The Revolution of 1789 The Reconstruction of France A Second Revolution The Reign of Terror The Thermidorian Reaction. A. Crisis of the French Monarchy. Economy of France

enya
Download Presentation

AP Final Review

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. AP Final Review Part II

  2. I. French Revolution • Crisis of the French Monarchy • The Revolution of 1789 • The Reconstruction of France • A Second Revolution • The Reign of Terror • The Thermidorian Reaction

  3. A. Crisis of the French Monarchy • Economy of France • French monarchy emerges form the Seven Years’ War defeated and in debt • Support of the American Rev further endangered its financial stability • Louis XV & Louis XVI were not able to solve taxation disputes with the parlements

  4. B. The Revolution of 1789 • Estates General • First- clergy • Second- nobility • Third- wealthy members of the professional middle class • Cahiers de Doleances • List of grievences • Third Estates petitioned the king for equality of rights • National Assembly • Third estate invites nobles and clergy to join them in creating a new legislative body • Members pledge loyalty to the Tennis Court Oath • National Constituent Assembly • Created after the Tennis Court Oath is taken • Storming of the Bastille • 800 Parisians storm the Bastille in search of weapons for the citizens militia they had formed in response to the presence of royal troops in the city and their frustrations with Louis XVI • The crowd stormed the fortress, released prisoners, and killed troops and the governor • Great Fear • A series of attacks on aristocrats and their property in the countryside that was mostly led by peasants who felt they were reclaiming what was rightfully theirs • Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen • 1789 • Claimed that all men are “born and remain free and equal in rights.”

  5. C. Reconstruction of France • Active Citizens • Only men paying annual taxes equal to 3 days of local labor were allowed to vote for electors, who, in turn, voted for members of the legislature • Women could not vote or hold office • Law transferred power from aristocratic wealth to anyone with accumulated land/ property • Departments • Local and judicial administration units that replaced ancient provinces (83 total) • Restrictions est. by the National Constituent Assembly • Suppressed guilds, liberated the grain trade, est. the metric system • Civil Constituent of the Clergy • Roman Catholic church turned into a branch of the secular state • Emigres left France and resettled in areas near the French border were the plotted a counter- revolution

  6. D. A Second Revolution • Legislative Assembly • Jacobins- group of deputies from the third estate pressed for radical reform • Girondists- group of Jacobins • ordered the emigres to return of suffer loss of property • demand that clergy that had refused to take the oath to support the Civil Constitution do so or lose their state pensions, Louis vetoed both acts • In August of 1792, a Parisian crown invaded the Palace where Louis and Marie Antoinette were staying they forced them to take refuge in Legislative Assembly • Looses power and moves to the hands of the Paris Commune • Sept. Massacres– Paris Commune murders about 1200 people in jails • Aristocrats and priests • France is declared a Republic • Dec 1792 Louis is executed; one month later France was at war w/ England, Spain, Holland and Prussia

  7. E. The Reign of Terror • Challenges of a new Republic • War brought new challenges for the Republic of France • The Revolutionary govt. est. a series of committees to protect its creation • The Committee of Public Safety (COPS) & Committee of General Security • Its duty was to carry out executive duties of the govt. • Levee en masse– military conscription for all males in the pop was mobilized to defend the country • Quasi- Judicial executions (1793- 1794) • 25k are killed • Church and Religion • Calendar and religious holidays are replaced by a secular calendar • Places of worship were “de- Christianized” • Maximilien Robespierre • Powerful member of the COPS • Est. “Cult of the Supreme Being” civic religion modeled after the vies of Rousseau • Encouraged the execution of key republican political figures • Jacques Danton

  8. F. Thermidorian Reaction • Involved political reconstruction and abandoned the Constitution of 1793 • In its place the Constitution of the Year III was issued • Provided a two house legislature • Upper body– Council of Elders (only married/ widowed men over 40 were allowed) • Lower body– Council of Five Hundred (only married/ single men of at least 30 were allowed) Council of Five Hundred submits a list Council of Elders Executive Body (5 Person Directory)

  9. II. The Age of Napoleon and the Triumph of Romanticism • The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte • The Consulate in France • Napoleon’s Empire • European Respond to the Empire • The Congress of Vienna & European Settlement • The Romantic Movement • Romantic Literature

  10. A. The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte • Rose to power after the Thermidorian Reaction by defending the new regime on Oct 1795 against a rebellion • In Nov 1799 Napoleon overtherew the Directory though a coup d’etat, issued the the Constitution of Year VIII • Est. him as ruler • Formed the Consulate

  11. B. The Consulate in France (1799- 1804) • The consulate was composed of three consuls but Napoleon retained all of the power as First Consul • His constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a plebiscite • Bonaparte made peace with France’s enemies, restored peace and order at home, requiring loyalty from those he employed from every political faction. • Ruthless and efficient in suppressing opposition • Made peace with the Catholic church in the Concordat of 1801 • In 1802 a plebiscite ratified Napoleon as consul for life • Napoleonic Code 1804 (codified all French laws)

  12. C. Napoleon’s Empire (1804- 14) • In 1804, Napoleon crowns himself Napoleon I • Conquered much of Europe • Limitless soldiers because of a levee en masse • Third Coalition • William Pitt the Younger formed this group that wanted to persuade Austria and Russia to move against French aggression in Germany • British defeat Napoleon’s navy at the Battle of Trafalgar • In 1806, Napoleon is recognized as the king of Italy • In 1806, Napoleon organizes the Confederation of the Rhine which led to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire

  13. D. European Response to the Empire • Napoleonic Code is est. to all lands conquered by Napoleon • Removed the Spanish Bourbons and put his brother in the throne • Invaded Russia in 1812, invasion failed • Napoleon abdicated his throne in 1814 and was exiled to Elba

  14. E. The Congress of Vienna • Congress of Vienna • Lasted more than a year • Included England, Prussia, Russia, Austria • France should not be allowed to dominate Europe again • Leaders restored the French Bourbon monarchy to pacify France (Louis XVIII) • Boundary settlement was est. • Battle of Waterloo • Napoleon returns from exile but is defeated once again at the Battle of Waterloo • Sent to St. Helena • Quadruple Alliance • Between Austria, Prussia Russia, England • Maintain the balance of power in Europe • Suppressed revolutionary ideas of nationalism

  15. F. The Romantic Movement • Reaction against thought of the Enlightenment • Writers rejected the ideas of the philosophes • Wanted to interpret nature in terms of their experience with their reaction to it, rather than through categories • Role of the individual and importance of individual culture was elevated • Nationalism spread and developed throughout Europe • Influences • Rousseau- Emile • Kant-

  16. G. Romantic Literature • Authors • Victor Hugo- France

  17. III. The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reform (1815- 32) A. The Challenges of Nationalism and Liberalism B. Conservative Governments: The Domestic Political Order C. Conservative International Order

  18. A. Challenges of Nationalism and Liberalism • Nationalists opposed the Congress of Vienna • because it did not allow for individual representation of ethnic groups • Monarchies were reinstated and land was redistributed • Rise of Nationalism • Liberalism • Anything or anyone that challenged their own political, social or religious values • Influenced by Enlightenment writers and the F.R. • Sought legal equality, religious toleration and freedom of speech • Ideas of Adam Smith were pop among econ liberals

  19. B. Conservative Governments: The Domestic Political Order • Conservatism- dominated by monarchies, landed aristocracies, and est. churches • Metternich (Austrian Prince) – • embodied conservatism • Did NOT want to recognize minority rights because he felt it would destroy his empire • Frederick III (Prussia)- • Resisted efforts by German nationalists to dissolve the Conservative Order • Reneged on his pledge to to create a constitutional govt. • In response a group of students that wanted German unification form Burschenschaften

  20. C. Conservative International Order • Concert of Europe • Major European powers meet informally to discuss their differences • Worked well until 1820 when Spanish king Ferdinand VII violated his promise to govern according the written constitution • Revolution in Naples begins and countries disagree on course of action • Other movements of ind. • Greek Rev. 1821 • Serbia 1830 • Latin America (Haiti, Brazil, Venezuela, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina gain sovereignty)

  21. IV. Economic Advance and Social Unrest (1830- 50) • Toward an Industrial Society • The Labor Force • Family Structures and the Industrial Revolution • Classical Economics • Early Socialism • 1848: Year of Revolutions

  22. D. Classical Economics • Laissez faire • Adam Smith- Wealth of Nations • Mechanism of the market place- invisible hand • Limited govt. intervention • Malthus- Essay on the Principle of Population • Pop will eventually outstrip the food supply • Chastity and small families • Ricardo- • “iron law of wages”

  23. F. 1848: Year of Revolutions • Liberalist and Nationalist Revolutions • France=“Second Republic” Louis Napoleon Bonaparte • France returns to dictatorship 2. Hapsburg lands • Revolts in Hungary and Austria 3. Pan- Slavic Congress (Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Slovenes, and Serbs) • Called for national equality of Slavs • Protested the repression of all Slavic peoples 4. Revolts in Italy and Germany were suppressed 5. Liberal era ends

  24. V. The Age of Nation- States • The Crimean War (1853- 56) • Italian Unification • German Unification

  25. A. The Crimean War (1853- 56) • Outbreak of War • Grew out of a rivalry between the Ottoman Empire and Russia • A war among major European states ensued with France and Britain declaring war on Russia • Austria and Prussia remained neutral • End of War • Russia falls to French and British • Matter is settled with the Treaty of Paris (1856) • Concert of Europe is broken

  26. B. Italian Unification • Nationalists hoped for Italian unification but Italian statesmen disagreed on how to accomplish this task • Romantic republican nationalism was led by Giuseppe Mazzini (1805- 1872) who founded the Young Italy Society in an effort to kick Austria out of the peninsula • Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807- 1882) along with the other Giuseppe led insurrections in the 1830s and 1850s • Between 1852- 60 Italy was turned into a nation state governed by a constitutional monarchy

  27. C. German Unification • The construction of a unified Germany was one of the most important political developments in Europe between 1848 and 1914 because it altered the balance of power • 1862- William I of Prussia is supported by Otto von Bismarck who moves against the liberal Parliament and seeks support for unifying Germany through a war with Denmark • Bismarck supports the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein in their efforts to stay independent of Denmark • Prussia and Austria defeat Denmark in 1864 • Bismarck’s prestige is elevated • War between Prussia and Austria breaks out over the administration of Holstein and Schleswig • Seven Weeks’ War • Austria is defeated in 1866, Prussia becomes the only major power among German states • 1867, North Confederation formed with Bismarck representing the King of Prussia as President • Germany was now a military monarchy which had successfully crushed Prussian liberalism

  28. Franco Prussian War (1870- 71) • Enabled Bismarck to bring the states of southern Germany into the confederation • Bismarck orchestrates a war by provoking France against Prussia and the southern German states join Prussia against Napoleon III • Germans beat the French • Capture Napoleon III • German Empire is proclaimed

More Related