The Triumphs and Travails of Jeffersonian Democracy 1800-1812

1. The Triumphs and Travails of Jeffersonian Democracy1800-1812 Ch. 11

3. Chapter Themes Jefferson�s effective, pragmatic policies strengthened the principles of two-party republican gov�t, even though Jeffersonian �revolution� caused sharp partisan battles between Federalists and Republicans over particular issues

4. Chapter Themes Despite his intentions, Jefferson became deeply entangled in the foreign-policy conflicts of the Napoleonic era, leading to a highly unpopular and failed embargo that revived the dying Federalist Party

5. Chapter Themes James Madison fell into an international trap, set by Napoleon, that Jefferson had avoided. Western War Hawks� enthusiasm for a war with Britain was matched by New Englanders� hostility.

9. Recap��Revolution of 1800� Jefferson/Burr win over Adams 3/5 clause helped Jefferson Made North resentful of clause Run-off Jefferson and Burr (both got same # of electoral votes) Federalists liked Burr over Jefferson, but when voting in House to break tie a few Federalist didn�t vote and Jefferson won Jefferson saw this a return to Revolutionary values

11. �Long Tom� (6.2�) Jefferson �The will of the majority is in all cases to prevail�that will to be rightful must be reasonable; the minority possess their equal rights, which equal law must protect, and to violate would be oppression� �Honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none.� (inaugural address)

12. Jefferson�s ideals Inconsistent Ideals often didn�t match with practical governing Able, charming politician�though he made enemies by being unconventional and having democratic social manner

13. Undoing Federalist policies Alien and Sedition acts expired Jefferson freed anyone jailed under it No Patronage of Jeffersonians in office Got rid of whiskey excise tax Reduced national debt/balance the budget Didn�t get rid of many Federalist programs�absorbed them into Jeffersonian ideals

14. Judiciary Act of 1801 Act by Adams to get lifetime judges(16 total including John Marshall) into office before Jefferson took over (midnight judges�3 of them) Republican congress repealed it Couldn�t get rid of Marshall who issued Federalist ruling for the next 34 yrs

15. Marbury V. Madison Marbury was judge appointed by Adams and dismissed by Jefferson. Sued, to force Secty of State (Madison) to give him job Supreme Court dismissed Marbury�s suit Said 1789 Judiciary Act (est. supreme ct) on which suit was based was unconstitutional A clause granting the Supreme Court the power to issue writs of mandamus outside its appellate jurisdiction was declared unconstitutional 1st time something declared �unconstitutional� Ruling gave the Supreme Court the final say in all laws regarding constitutionality Reaffirmed system of checks and balances The Supreme Court was given exclusive original jurisdiction over all civil actions between states, or between a state and the United States, as well as over all suits and proceedings brought against ambassadors and other diplomatic personnel; and original, but not exclusive, jurisdiction over all other cases in which a state was a party and any cases brought by an ambassador. The Court was given appellate jurisdiction over decisions of the federal circuit courts as well as decisions by state courts holding invalid any statute or treaty of the United States; or holding valid any state law or practice that was challenged as being inconsistent with the federal constitution, treaties, or laws; or rejecting any claim made by a party under a provision of the federal constitution, treaties, or laws. Marbury v. Madison was the first time the Supreme Court declared something "unconstitutional," and established the concept of judicial review in the U.S. (the idea that courts may oversee and nullify the actions of another branch of government). The landmark decision helped define the "checks and balances" of the American form of government. The power of the Supreme Court of the United States to issue a writ of mandamus outside its appellate jurisdiction was the controversy that led the Court to delve into the much more significant issue of judicial review in the famed case of Marbury v. Madison. In modern practice, the Court has effectively abolished the issuance of writs of mandamus, although it theoretically retains the power to issue them. The Supreme Court was given exclusive original jurisdiction over all civil actions between states, or between a state and the United States, as well as over all suits and proceedings brought against ambassadors and other diplomatic personnel; and original, but not exclusive, jurisdiction over all other cases in which a state was a party and any cases brought by an ambassador. The Court was given appellate jurisdiction over decisions of the federal circuit courts as well as decisions by state courts holding invalid any statute or treaty of the United States; or holding valid any state law or practice that was challenged as being inconsistent with the federal constitution, treaties, or laws; or rejecting any claim made by a party under a provision of the federal constitution, treaties, or laws. Marbury v. Madison was the first time the Supreme Court declared something "unconstitutional," and established the concept of judicial review in the U.S. (the idea that courts may oversee and nullify the actions of another branch of government). The landmark decision helped define the "checks and balances" of the American form of government. The power of the Supreme Court of the United States to issue a writ of mandamus outside its appellate jurisdiction was the controversy that led the Court to delve into the much more significant issue of judicial review in the famed case of Marbury v. Madison. In modern practice, the Court has effectively abolished the issuance of writs of mandamus, although it theoretically retains the power to issue them.

16. Fightin� Military size reduced/disliked standing army idea Pirates of North African Barbary States Leader in Tripoli declared war on US Jefferson sent Navy (Marine Corps as fighters) Won peace treaty in 1805 for 60K�ransom for kidnapped soldiers

17. Fun Fact Marine fight song mentions the Barbary War From the Halls of Montezuma,To the shores of Tripoli;We fight our country's battlesIn the air, on land, and sea;First to fight for right and freedomAnd to keep our honor clean;We are proud to claim the titleOf United States Marine. Montezuma= mexican american war, battle of Battle of ChapultepecMontezuma= mexican american war, battle of Battle of Chapultepec

19. Louisiana Godsend 1800 Napoleon persuaded king of Spain to give it Louisiana area, including New Orleans 1802 Spain disallows right of deposit (storing) in New Orleans Violation of Pinckney�s Treaty 1795 American�s outraged Jefferson send Monroe and Livingston to France to buy New Orleans and Napoleon decides to sell the whole territory! 15mil in 1803 Technically, Jefferson can�t complete purchase because it is a treaty. Who cares, it�s a bargain

21. Valley of Democracy L.P. avoids war with France, Spain and entanglement with England Jefferson can now have his agrarian dream Lewis and Clark �Corps of Discovery� 33 plus Sacajawea on 2.5 yr trip Overland trail to the Pacific Used to justify claim to Oregon Country Long term=great�short term=cause fear from idea of secession

22. Fun Fact STIs were a major problem on the Lewis and Clark expedition It was reported that the men spent many hours rubbing mercury on their skin (mercury was the cure for STIs at the time) Famous phrase of the time �A night with Venus, a lifetime with Mercury�

23. Fun Fact Whipping was the punishment for insubordination on the Lewis and Clark trip. The chief of the Arikara tribe saw a man being whipped and wept�their tribe never struck anyone, even children The Indian punishment for insubordination was death�which was seen a less cruel

27. Aaron Burr V.P. in Jefferson�s first term, then dropped Joined in plot with Federalists to have New England and New York secede Hamilton found out and exposed Burr Burr challenged Hamilton to duel Hamilton didn�t fire, Burr did Burr continued with plot to secede�West from East this time Tried for treason, acquitted, fled to France Treason is act, not intent to actTreason is act, not intent to act

29. Jefferson, Part 2�avoiding war Reelected in 1804 France and Britain at war Britain issues Orders in Council�result is US can�t trade with England or France Impressment going on�6k from 1808-1811 Chesapeake affair�English ship demanded to search for 4 deserters, US captain said no, so British destroyed ship Jefferson refused war�but event would be remembered going into War of 1812 Orders in Council---ships must stop in British port to continue with trade France attacks and seizes all ships that stop in british portsOrders in Council---ships must stop in British port to continue with trade France attacks and seizes all ships that stop in british ports

31. Embargo Act 1807 Didn�t want war, but President and Congress wanted to punish Europe Forbade all exports of goods�strictly enforced Almost killed US economy, Europe�not so much Made Americans take up privateering again and they began to hate Jefferson Soon pass Non-Intercourse Act---could trade again, just not with England and France Helped Northern factories�used non exported goods

32. Fun Fact When Vermont learned they couldn�t trade with Canada due to the Embargo Act, they came up with creative ways around it Goods would be carried to buildings just across from Canada on top of a hill When the house was full, they would remove a stone and it would slide into Canada

34. America�s problems in 1809 Play 2 min Video on U.S. trade restrictions

35. A New President Madison takes over in 1809 Macon�s Bill No 2 Congress passes w/o Madison input Restore trade to nation�s that remove commercial restrictions and embargo nations that won�t Napoleon implies he will remove restrictions; so U.S. will embargo Britain, again, since they say they won�t lift Orders in Council Moves U.S. closer to war with Britain

38. Tecumseh and the Prophet Madison�s congress filled with war hawks Tecumseh and brother The Prophet inspired tribes east of Mississippi to unity and cultural renewal War hawks thought British behind renewal and attacked Tecumseh�s headquarters Battle of Tippecanoe Made Harrison a hero Drove Tecumseh into league with British Indian confederacy died with him

41. Mr. Madison�s War By 1812 war with Britain believed to be inevitable and good test for U.S. British arming Indians, war hawks chanting---�On to Canada�, south eyeing Florida Congress declared war(1st time�out of five) Support in South and West N.E. was Federalist and sympathetic to Britain

43. On to Canada British weak in Canada so Americans thought to fight there first�poor battle plan=Americans fought off U.S. able to control great lakes By 1814 U.S. defending territory, not taking Canada--British capture D.C. and burn public buildings U.S. held Baltimore (Star spangled banner)

44. Battle of New Orleans 1815 British try to remove U.S. Andrew Jackson in command U.S. wins and Jackson is national hero British respond with naval blockade�crippled economy and drained Treasury Treaty of Ghent 12/24/1814 Armistice�no more fighting, no land won �not one inch of territory ceded or lost�

45. Second American Revolution Political issues Disputes over Canadian boundary War hawks in Congress pushing for a fight Conflicts with Indians Impressment of US Sailors Treaty of Ghent provisions Not losing the same as a win! Economic issues Interference with US shipping Loyalists debts not paid New Roads and Canals Tariffs against England

46. THE SECOND AMERICAN REVOLUTION? Resolved Canadian boundary issues New sense of pride, nationalism & unity New international respect Sectional specialization occurred-N V. S and political divisiveness decreased Helped make economy better US could now ignore Europe and concentrate on our issues

47. The Battle of New Orleans What won�t country music write a song about??? Play the Battle of New Orleans�Johnny Horton

48. Questions for Discussion How did Jefferson�s Louisiana Purchase transform America�s understanding of itself and its future? Was it inevitable that the west would become part of a much greater United States? How does the period of 1800-1812 look if viewed through American Indian eyes? Could the attempt of Tecumseh and the Prophet to unite western Indians against American expansion have created a different dynamic in white-Indian relations?