fisiologi NUTRIsi kuda

1. Mk. Nutrisi Non Ruminansi fisiologiNUTRIsikuda HeliTistiana, SPt., MP. 081 2332 2232

2. SistempencernaanKuda Organ Pelengkap a. Gigi b. Lidah c. Kelenjar Air Liur d. Hati e. Pankreas SaluranPencernaan a. Mulut b. farings c. Esophagus d. Lambung e. Usus Kecil f. UsusBesar

3. Mulut • Saatpakanawal • SekresiSaliva dari kelenjar parotisMengeluarkan air liur hanya selama makan, ~ 10 gal / hari

4. Kelenjar Saliva Kelenjar parotis Kelenjar mandibularis/submaksilaris Kelenjar lingualis Tugas 1 : ApaFungsidariKelenjar Saliva danperananmasing-masingkelenjar air liurdiataspadaternakkuda

5. Anatomy of Digestive Tract

6. Digestive Tract • Pharingsdan Esophagus • Faringsberperanuntukmenyambungronggamulutdan esophagus • Panjang esophagus sekitar 125-150 cm

7. Lambung Ukurankecil, sering, makanan, memulai pencernaan, seperti non-ruminansia10% dari saluranTerbatas pencernaanTukakLambung

8. Small Intestine • Small Intestine - 30% of tract • Digestion of • Starch 65-75% • Protein, AA’s 60-70% • Fat 90% • Ca absorption 95-99% • Phosphorous 20-25% • Fast rate of passage • No gall bladder

9. Large Intestine • Large Colon • Absorbs • H20 • VFA’s • AA • Phosphorus, 50% • NaCl • Small Colon • Absorption of H20 • Fecal ball formation

10. Comparisons of digestion

11. PerbandinganKapasitasSaluranPencernaan (liter)

12. KapasitasSaluranPencernaan

14. PencernaanNutrisiKuda herbivora monogastrik - perut sederhana, makan tanaman• hindgut fermentor - pencernaan serat pada LI• Pencernaan dan penyerapan bahan pakan nonfibrous(Protein, lemak, gula, pati, air, vitamin, mineral) diperut dan SI - FOREGUT• Pencernaan dan fermentasi bahan pakan berserat(Selulosa dan hemiselulosa) dalam sekum dan usus besar olehbakteri dan penyerapan VFA, air, amonia, mineral,vitamin – hindgut Foregut : 38% HindGut : 62%

16. Air • Penting untuk semua fungsi tubuhSuhu Feed pencernaanJumlah asupan airTingkat latihanKualitas pakan dalam ransumProporsi diet hijauanMinimal 1 gallon/100 lbs BW / hari

17. GI Tract Health • Forage • Concentrate – Grain • Supplements

18. Digestion of Feed Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Fermentable Fiber Fat Digestible Carbohydrate Fatty Acids Volatile Fatty Acids Glucose Fat Glycogen

19. KategoriPencernaanKuda • Maintenence- dasar persyaratan kehidupanPertumbuhan - termuda memiliki persyaratan tertinggiKehamilan - tiga bulan terakhirLaktasi - tiga bulanpertamaPekerjaan - tergantung pada aktivitasringan, sedang, intens Tugas 2 : Bagaimanapencernaankudapadamasing-masingkategori/periodeini

20. Maintenance • Size: body weight • Environment • Individual digestive & metabolic efficiency • Dry matter intake: 1.5% of the BW • Most - energy requirements are met with forage alone

21. GERIATRIC HORSES • Fiber digestion decreases • Ability to manufacture or absorb certain vitamins decrease • B vitamins • Vitamin C • Decreased kidney function • Calcium stones may build up • Decreased liver function • Jaundice, weight loss, lethargy, loss of appetite, intolerance for fat and protein in diet

22. THE GERIATRIC HORSE • Confinement? No! Turnout with a friend. • Weight loss reasons: Poor dentition • Reduction in digestion - parasites, microbial constituents, B Vits • Selection of Feed • Highly palatable • Easy to chew & swallow • Clean & dust free • Highly digestible pellets or extruded feeds • Contain enough high quality fiber to aid digestion. High quality hay – no alfalfa. • Chopped hay, hay cubes or pellets • Soaked feeds or mashes

23. Feeding The Athlete

24. Levels of Performance/Work • Light - western and English pleasure, trail riding, equitation, hacking • Moderate - dressage, ranch work, roping, cutting, barrel racing, jumping • Intense - race training, polo, cutting,

25. SOURCES OF ENERGY FOR THE PERFORMANCE HORSE Muscle Glycogen Blood Glucose Anaerobic Glycolysis Pyruvate Lactate ATP Creatine Phosphate Myokinase and CPK Reactions Lipolysis Oxidative Metabolism Free-Fatty Acids CO2and Water Oxygen

26. 1. Water intake 2. Maximize forage intake 3. Minimize concentrate consumption 4. Balance the ration in the following order (a)energy (b) protein (c) minerals (d) vitamins 5. Monitor body weight & body condition score 6. Change feedstuffs gradually (7‐14 days) 7. Calcium to phosphorus should be between 3:1 to 1:1 8. Supplement minerals & vitamins 9. Feed each horse as an individual Horse Diet Basics

27. Energy Sources • Hydrolysable CHO • Sugars & starches • Create ↓ intestinal pH &  risk of colic • Fermentable CHO • Beet pulp or soy hulls • ↓ glycogen usage • Fat • 3X the energy concentration of CHO • Creates higher energy feed • Protein (minimal usage)

28. Required Energy

29. FAT SUPPLEMENTATION • Why Use It For Performance Horses? • Energy from fat is 90% utilizable • Fat ↓ heat of fermentation • Fat  glycogen storage prior to race • Fat ↓ buildup of lactic acid during intense exercise • Fat ↓ fatigue

30. Sources of Fat • Natural horse diets contain < 3-4% fat • “High Fat” sweet feeds contain 6-10% fat • Fat Supplements • Vegetable Oil (most common 99% fat) • Rice Bran (very palatable 20% fat) • Animal tallow (not palatable)

31. Fat Guidelines • No gall bladder • Max ~20% in total diet • 1100 lb horse can digest 17.5 oz of fat (Just over 2 cups) • If adding fat to existing diet, need to rebalance other nutrients • (i.e. vitamin E (200 IU/cup of added oil) • Add 6-10 weeks before performance.

32. General Guidelines For Feeding Working Horses • Hay requirement • Feed at least 50% of total ration as forage (pasture &/or hay) • Preferably high quality grass hay or alfalfa/grass mix • Exercising horses do not need high levels of protein • More important – quality of protein • Horses should be fed to meet their immediate needs • I.e. cut grain on rest days • If stalled, overfeeding can  stocking up or colic

33. The Growing Horse • Goals • Maximize genetic potential for growth • Sound musculoskeletal system • Nutrient balance is important • Requires higher quality feeds • Growth rate & age determines requirements • Growing till reach 30 months

34. Percent of Mature Body Weight vs... Months of Age % Percent of Mature Height vs.. Months of Age Months of Age Months of Age

35. Weanlings • Minimize stress • Minimize post-weanling slump. • 1.5-2.5 lbs grain/100 lbs body wt • 0.75-1.0 lb hay/100 lb body wt • Ca > P • Monitor feed & water intake

36. As foals get older, the ration should be increased by adding more good quality hay, leaving the grain mix relatively constant.

37. Feeding Yearlings • Sales/show • Forage • High quality • .75-1.0 lb/100 lb body wt. • Concentrate • Formulated for growth • 1.0-2.0 lb/100 lb body wt. • Turnout • Forage • High to moderate quality • 2-2.5 lbs./100 lbs. body wt. • Forage balancer

38. Monitoring The Growth Process • Daily Intakes • Body Weight • Average daily gain • Signs of Skeletal Abnormalities • Physitis • Joint effusion • Lameness

39. Nutrition of The Broodmare Lactation 0-3 months 4+ months Months 0-8 Months 9-11 Gestation

40. Gestation: Nutritional Concerns • Provision of nutrients for: • Fetal growth & development • Other products of conception • Last 3 month of gestation: 60 % foals’ weight • Mare needs to gain 0.3 – 0.8 lb/d

42. Average daily milk production in mares

43. Feed Consumption (% BW) • Adding concentrate to late pregnancy mares accounts for limited energy & acclimates microbes • Allow 1 wk to 10 d for mares to adjust to intake changes • Heavy milkers may require as much as 1.75-2.0% of BW in concentrate feed/day

44. Nutrition of the Breeding Stallion • Primary Concern • Maintenance of Body Condition • Non-breeding • Forage + vitamin/mineral supplement • Breeding • 0.5% concentrate • 1.75-2% hay