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Learning Goals

Learning Goals. I can identify organelles in diagrams and electron micrographs I can describe the structure & functions of organelles I can explain the relationships between different organelles. How are the following structures related?. Nucleus Nucleolus Ribosomes.

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Learning Goals

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  1. Learning Goals • I can identify organelles in diagrams and electron micrographs • I can describe the structure & functions of organelles • I can explain the relationships between different organelles

  2. How are the following structures related? • Nucleus • Nucleolus • Ribosomes All are needed to make proteins!

  3. Nucleus: contains DNA • DNA codes for proteins • “control centre” because controls which proteins made • Nucleolus: dark centre inside nucleus, makes rRNA subunit of ribosomes • Ribosomes: “construction workers” that build proteins as specified by DNA code, located near nucleus. NO proteins can be made without all 3!

  4. HW Questions • What organelles make up the endomembrane system? -nuclear membrane -endoplasmic reticulum -golgiapparatu vesicles

  5. 2. What is the purpose of the endomembrane System? • Creates separation between parts of the cell • This “compartmentalization” helps ensure specific chemical reactions only happen in specific places

  6. 3. How do the endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles and the golgi apparatus work together • E.R is covered in ribosomes-> proteins are made here then packaged in smooth ER • Golgi Apparatus receives vesicles from ER, modifies, and repackages proteins into vesicles for transport

  7. Nuclear Envelope • Double membrane with small pores • Separates nucleus from cytoplasm

  8. Nuclear Pores • Tiny holes in the nuclear membrane • Allow proteins to enter nucleus and parts of ribosomes to exit nucleus

  9. Nucleolus • Dark centre inside the nucles • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is made here • rRNA + proteinform ribosomes here

  10. Ribosomes • Made of 2 subunits: of rRNA and proteins. • Often located on the endoplasmic reticulum (E.R) • can be free in the cytoplasm. • JOB: Assemble proteins • Polysomes: groups of ribosomes

  11. Vesicles • Small, membranous sacs • Made by smooth ER • transport substances within the cell.

  12. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • System of membranous channels and flattened vesicles. • Wrapped around nucleus to receive ribosomes. • Ribosomes attach to make proteins here • Moves new proteins to the smooth ER for packaging into vesicles which are sent to Golgi apparatus.

  13. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • No ribosomes, • Makes phospholipids for cell membrane • In testes-> makes testosterone hormones • In liver cells ->make drug detoxifying enzymes • Produce vesicles which contain newly synthesized proteins.

  14. Golgi Apparatus • Composed of stacks of saccules (flattened vesicles). • Receives transport vesicles containing proteins from Rough ER. • PMS- packages, modifies, stores, proteins. • Makes secretory vesicles sent to plasma membrane to exit cell

  15. Lysosomes • Made of membrane, tiny sacs • Made by golgi body • contain hydrolytic enzymes to break down materials in the cell. • Act as a “cleanup crew” for the cell.

  16. Peroxisome • Made of membrane, tiny sacs • Job: • Contain enzymes for Oxydizing substances Eg) break down fats & Detoxify alcohol

  17. Vacuoles • Large, membrane bound sac • storage structures. • In plant cells: vacuoles are extremely large & also help to support the plant.

  18. Chloroplasts • Double membrane with: • Stoma: fluid filled space • Thylakoids: interconnected flattened sacs • Grana: stacks of flattened stacks • only in plant cells. • Site of photosynthesis: converts light energy into food energy • 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY  C6H12O6 + 6O2

  19. Mitochondria • Double membrane structure with: • Matrix: inner space filled with fluid • Cristae: foldings on insdie that increase Surface area • site of cellular respiration: converts glucose into ATP energy, water and carbon dioxide. • C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY (ATP) • “Powerhouse” of the cell.

  20. The energy currency of cells

  21. Cytoskeleton • A mix of filaments & fibers • support cell structure & drive cell movement • actin filaments: long, thin bundles that support • Microtubules: small hollow cylinders maintain cell shape.

  22. Centrioles • Short cylinders • Made of a 9:0 pattern of microtubules. • only present in animal cells. • Centrioles aid in cell division.

  23. Cilia and Flagella • Cilia: short hair like structures, beat like oars • Flagella: long whip like, propel • Both used for movement

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