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DO NOW:

DO NOW:. What is energy? What requires energy? How do cells obtain energy?. Energy is defined as the ability to do work There are two main forms of energy Potential and Kinetic. Energy and Thermodynamics. Two main categories of energy Stored energy is called Potential energy

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DO NOW:

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  1. DO NOW: • What is energy? • What requires energy? • How do cells obtain energy?

  2. Energy is defined as the ability to do work • There are two main forms of energy • Potential and Kinetic

  3. Energy and Thermodynamics • Two main categories of energy • Stored energy is called Potential energy • Energy has the “potential” to do work if released • Motion energy is called Kinetic energy • Energy which is being released and actively doing work

  4. Energy and Thermodynamics • Energy has many forms • Chemical (glucose, ATP) • Thermal (heat) • Radiant (sun)

  5. Energy and Thermodynamics • Energy is NOT created or destroyed, it can only be changed from one form to another http://www.videopediaworld.com/video/23610/Compound-Machines-The-Law-Of-Conservation-Of-Energy • BUT energy does “flow” to a point where the energy is converted to an unusable form (heat) • Light Glucose  ATP  Heat • http://www.scivee.tv/node/5583

  6. How is Matter “Changed” or rearranged in living things? • Metabolism • ALL the biochemical reactions in cells used to obtain OR use energy (both building and breaking) • Breaking down food • Building bone and muscle • Growing • Repair (healing) • Cleanup (from an infection)

  7. Ultimate Source of Energy • Released energy (Electromagnetic energy (radiation) • Plants convert EM energy to chemical energy (glucose)

  8. What is ATP (Adenosine Tri-Phosphate)? Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups Basically a Nucleotide with two extra phosphates! The only molecule cells can use to do work in living things:

  9. What’s the deal with ATP? Energy molecule for life Hydrolyzing (breaking off) third phosphate frees energy which can be used to do work in the cell ADP (what is left) can be recycled.

  10. What’s the deal with ATP To recycle ADP back to ATP, the cell uses energy from glucose to add a 3rd phosphate ATP is made again

  11. ADP and ATP

  12. Electron Carriers Molecules that “pick up” high energy electrons and carry them until their energy is needed elsewhere. Examples : NADH (CR); FADH2 (CR) NADPH

  13. ENERGY FLOW AND LIFE

  14. Electromagnetic Spectrum • Energy can travel in vibrations or waves. • Different types of energy have a different number of vibrations per period of time. • This is called frequency. • Scientists organize waves according to their frequency or wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum.

  15. Light Energy • Sunlight sometimes called white light, is a form of energy that we can see and it travels in waves. • Wavelength: the distance between the crest of one wave and the crest of the next wave

  16. Visible Light Spectrum • Depends on wavelength • Blue: 380 (nm) • Green: 500 (nm) • Yellow 560 (nm) • Light red: 600 (nm) • Darker red: 750 (nm)

  17. 1600s: Jan van Helmont • Grew a small willow tree and only added water to the plant. • After five years the tree gained 75 kg, but the soil had the same mass. • Where did the new plant material come from?

  18. 1770s: Joseph Priestley • Placed a plant in a closed container with a candle. • “damaged air” • Candle will go out and animals cannot live under these conditions. • Plants can live and restore the ability of the air to support a flame and an animal. • How do plants interact with air?

  19. A few years later… • Antoine Lavoisier • Oxygen removed from air during burning • Animals need oxygen to survive. • What about plants?

  20. Other discoveries in the 1700s… • Jan Ingenhousz • Plants only give off oxygen in sunlight • Jean Senebier • Plants take in carbon dioxide during growth in sunlight

  21. 1800: Requirements for Plant Growth Determined • Carbon dioxide • Water • Light

  22. Plant Nutrition

  23. Photosynthesis • Process of capturing energy of sunlight and transforming it into chemical energy

  24. Equation for Photosynthesis Light + CO2 + H2O--glucose + O2

  25. Autotrophs • Organisms that are capable of making food from simple inorganic substances • EX: green plants, algae

  26. Two Types of Autotrophs • 1. Photoautotrophs: use carbon dioxide and light energy to drive reactions needed to make food • 2. Chemoautotrophs: utilize inorganic chemicals for the energy to drive food making reactions

  27. Heterotrophs • Organisms that cannot make their own food and must depend on other plants or animals as food source • Examples: ___________

  28. PIGMENTS • Pigments: absorb light • EX: a red object absorbs all the visible colors of the spectrum except red which is reflected and gives the object the red color

  29. CHLOROPLAST Organelle that contains photosynthetic pigments that absorb light energy

  30. Types of Photosynthetic Pigments • Chlorophyll: appear green • absorbs red and blue light • Carotenes: appear orange • Xanthophylls: appear yellow

  31. CHLOROPLAST • Site of Photosynthesis • Found in what type of cells?

  32. Parts of the chloroplats: THYLAKOID • contains photosynthetic pigments; flattened membrane sacs

  33. Grana • Stacks of thylakoids

  34. Stroma • Fluid region between grana • Contains DNA, ribosome, starch grains • Why do chloroplasts have their own DNA?

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