Nationalist Movements in the Late 20 th Century

1. Nationalist Movements in the Late 20th Century Chapters 22-24

2. “Nationalist Movements” Outline • Latin America • Trends in LA • Central America • South America • Africa and the Middle East • Independence Movements in Africa • Conflict in the Middle East • Asia and the Pacific • Communism and China • South and Southeast Asia • Japan and the Pacific

3. Trends in Latin America • Economyand Politics • 60s – Countries dependent on US, Japan, GB, others • Political parties abolished, military dictators push export-import economies • Multinational corporations just make this worse • 70s – Foreign debt grows from $27 billion to $315.3 billion • 80s – Move toward democracy • Could only gain more loans through reform • U.S./L.A. Relations • 1948 – Organization of American States (OAS) created • End military action of Western Hemisphere nations in other Western Hemisphere nations • US does not abide, fears spread of communism

4. Central America • Mexico • One major party – Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) • 1968 – Protesters were killed, beginning call for change • Change only came with economic troubles • 70s – Oil found, Mexico begins to rely on it • 80s – Oil prices drop world wide, economy goes down • 80s – Gov’t HAS TO sell companies to private firms (privatization) • Cuba • 1959 – Fidel Castro takes Cuba • 1960 – Embargo placed on Cuba by US • 1961 – Bay of Pigs invasion • 1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis • With embargo, Cuba had to rely on USSR • 1989 – Soviet collapse leads to slow decline of Cuba

5. Central America Cont’d • Central America includes seven nations: • Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Panama, Honduras, Belize, and Guatemala • Each experience bouts with Marxist regimes or harsh dictators • US willing to get involved to benefit its interest • El Salvador & Nicaragua – US helps overthrow USSR-aligned leaders • Panama – Independence in 1903 is helped in hopes of building a canal; drug trafficking in 80s & 90s push US help

6. South America • Argentina • Military regime started in 1940s • Overthrew oligarchy • Juan Peron elected Prez in 1946 • Fought for the descamisados, or “shirtless ones” (workers) • Encouraged unionization, industrialization, and to free country from foreign investors • Peron tries to set up similar gov’t to Hitler, is overthrown in ’55 • Military rule lasts until ‘82, when Argentina lost dispute vs Great Britain over Falkland Islands • Brazil • 1964 – Military takes control, institutes new economic policies • “Economic miracle” ensues • 1985 – Massive inflation leads to military backing down, democracy being pushed in Brazil

7. South America Cont’d • Chile • 1970 – Marxist Salvador Allendeelected • Began to take control of copper businesses (owned by U.S.) • 1973 – Augusto Pinochet takes control w/use of military • Killed and tortured thousands to keep rule • Defeated in 1989 free elections • Peru • 1968 – Juan Velasco Alvarado takes control, fights for poor • Put land in control of peasant cooperatives, or farm organizations • 1980 – Unable to make changes, military turns gov’t back over to civilians • Communist groups like the Shining Path begin to emerge, promise change • Colombia • Post WWII through present, constant fighting between military and civilians • Drug lords teamed with civilians to fight gov’t • U.S. continues to support Colombian gov’tvs drug cartels

8. 3-2-1 Exit Slip • 3 things you learned • 2 things you found interesting • 1 thing you still have questions about

9. Trends in Africa • Post WWII – Europe realizes colonization of Africa must end • UN charter pledged self-determination of all peoples • 1960-1965 – 28 new African nations formed • Eritrea last nation in 1993 • Racial Apartheid (apartness) in South Africa • White Afrikaners prevented equal voting, working, and civil rights • Black Africans brutally repressed, Nelson Mandellaarrested in 1962 saw a call for armed movements vs Afrikaners • Pan-Africanismspreads • Unity of all black Africans, regardless of nationality

10. New Nations Struggle and Succeed • Government and economic policies ranged • Some wanted to follow Western examples, others admired Eastern policies • Several problems led to weak economy • Relying too much on exports (like Latin America) • Corrupt spending • Rapid population growth • Drought and other natural disasters • AIDS epidemic • Politically, democracies struggled • Ultimately, differences among ethnic groups led to disagreement

11. New Nations Struggle and Succeed Cont’d • Several positives in Africa recently • Dictatorships knocked out from 70s-present • Removal of apartheid in South Africa, election of Nelson Mandela as president in 1994 • Women can vote, hold political office

12. Trends in the Middle East • Biggest post-WWII question involves Palestine • 1948 – Divided into Arab and Jewish states of Palestine and Israel • Zionists wanted a Jewish state • Pan-Arabism spreads • Movement to unify all people of Arab descent • Religious warfare dominates through the present • US involvement (oil)

13. Revolution • Palestine and Israel • Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) tried to fight Jewish occupation of Israel with force • Intifada (uprising) occurs in 1980s by Arabs in Israel • 1993 – Both recognize each other, temporary peace • Iran • Chief U.S. ally in 1950s-60s • Due to perceived materialism, people upset, want to divide from U.S. • Restore Islamic law in 1979 • Iraq • 1979-2006 – Saddam Hussein rules • Religious differences between Iraq and Iran cause several conflicts during 80s • 1990 – Gulf War occurs when Iraq invades Kuwait • US involved for oil • 2003 – US launches another attack on Iraq for fear of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs)

14. Exit Slip • In your opinion, what was the biggest issue we discussed regarding Africa? • In your opinion, what was the biggest issue we discussed regarding the Middle East? • How are pan-Africanism and pan-Arabism similar? Different?

15. Trends in Asia • China • Mao Zedong threatens Communist takeover • Southeast Asia • European nations now questioning colonization in area • Move away from colonization creates problems in former colonies • Japan • Move towards a modern society • Recovery from WWII and a new hope for relations with West

16. China and Communism • 1945 – Nationalists (Chiang Kai-shek) vs Communists (Mao Zedong) • South (N) vs North (C) • 1949 – Peoples Liberation Army wins • Korean War starts soon after (‘50-’53) • 1958 – Zedong begins Great Leap Forward • Farms and villages combined into communes • 15 million people die of starvation when peasants don’t grow needed crops, natural disaster strikes • 1966 – Zedong begins Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution • Red Guards (youth groups) target older, more conservative Chinese • Destroyed foreign books, temples, music, etc • Over time, people begin to oppose movement, as well as Mao

17. China After Mao • 1976 – Mao dies, revolutionaries led by Deng Xiaoping take control • Invited foreign investors, companies to China • Still, people want democracy • Protests in Tiananmen Square late 80s – 90s • Deng sends tanks and troops to end protests • Strained relations with West throughout 90s

18. India Divided • Religious differences separated India • Hindu vs Muslim groups • 1947 – India (Hindus) and West and East Pakistan (Muslims) granted independence • India • Modeled after British parliamentary system • Rapid population growth + poor economy = creation of slums • Muslim-Hindu religious wars continued to plague region • Pakistan • Completely new upon gaining independence • What kinds of problems come with this? • Tried to hold gov’t in West Pakistan, but East didn’t like idea • 1971 – East Pakistan declared independence, became Bangladesh after a brief civil war

19. Southeast Asia • US and Britain make moves to leave Asia • 1946 – US grants independence to Philippines • 1948 – Britain gives up Burma • 1957 – GB gives up Malaya • French and Dutch try to maintain colonies • Bloody battles between French and Vietnamese led to 1954 independence • Vietnam split North (Communist) and South (Democracy) • Vietnam War would soon follow

20. Japan • 1945-1952 – Japan is occupied by Allied forces • Douglas MacArthur in charge of Allies here • MacArthur pushed Western ideology • Within 50 years, Japan becomes 2nd greatest industrial power in the world • Western gov’t structure (three branches, universal suffrage) • Gov’t has heavy presence in economy (price and wage policies) • A cultural tradition of group work and a focus on completing tasks has helped propel the nation

21. The “Asian Tigers” • Made up of South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong • Imitate Japanese success in industry • All experience change following removal of former rulers • South Korea – Japan • Taiwan – China • Singapore/Hong Kong – GB

22. Exit Slip • In your opinion, what was the biggest trend in the following areas: • China • India/Pakistan • Japan • Name one country within the “Asian Tigers”. Who did this group of nations model their economy after?