Management of sexual violence

1. Management of sexual violence May 7th 2013 Carol Odula-Obonyo S.M.O.-Ob/Gyn

3. Introduction • Sexual assault -any sexual act performed by one (or more) person(s) on another without consent. • May include the use or threat of force. In some cases, the person does not give consent to have sex because he or she is unconscious or otherwise incapacitated. • A person may be raped by a stranger, an acquaintance or date, or a family member. • Rape is a legal term it refers to any penetration of a body orifice (mouth, vagina, or anus) involving force or the threat of force or incapacity (i.e., associated with young or old age, cognitive or physical disability, or drug or alcohol intoxication) without consent.

4. Sexual violence • Rape • Attempted rape • Gang rape • Defilement • Attempted defilement • Indecent act • Sexual assault • Incest by males and females • Deliberate transmission of HIV and any other life threatening sexually transmissible infections • Sexual offences relating to positions of authority and persons in positions of trust

5. After sexual assault. Now what ? • Why did this happen to me? • Could I have prevented this? • Will I develop an infection or become pregnant as a result of the assault? • Who should I call first? • Should I report this to the police? • Is this reportable? • Since I was drinking, isn't this my fault?

6. The following steps are recommended after sexual assault • Find a safe environment away from the assailant • Call a close friend or relative – someone who will offer unconditional support • Seek medical care; do not change clothes, bathe, douche, or brush your teeth until evidence is collected. A complete medical evaluation includes evidence collection, a physical examination, treatment and/or counseling. You do not have to do any part of this evaluation that you do not want to do.

7. At the clinic • History taking • Head to toe examination • Genito-anal examination • Investigations for clinical management of the survivor-HIV, VDRL, HeB, urinalysis, PDT • Investigations carried out for evidence purposes • Management of physical injuries • Post exposure prophylaxis • Pregnancy prevention • Prophylaxis of STI’s including Hep B

8. The survivor

9. Evidence carried out for investigative purposes

10. Management of physical injuries

11. Prophylaxis for Sti’s

12. HepB future prevention

15. Counseling or psychotherapy • Counseling or psychotherapy can be helpful in dealing with the events of the assault itself as well as the anger, fear, depression, or anxiety that many people feel afterwards. • Several types of healthcare providers provide counseling, including social workers, psychologists, nurses, and psychiatrists. Some people prefer to meet one-on-one with a counselor while others prefer to meet in a group setting with other people who have had similar experiences.

16. Post exposure prophylaxis May 7th 2013

17. PEP

18. Side effects of PEP

19. Pregnancy prevention

20. Elimination of parent to child transmission of HIV May 7th 2013

21. Steps towards eMTCT Towards the elimination of Mother-to-child transmission of hiv Report of a WHO technical consultation:9-11 November 2010 Geneva, Switzerland

23. Outline • Eliminating new HIV infections in children • Early diagnosis and treatment of HIV infected children • Adolescent Prevention and Treatment • Call to Action

24. Kenya HIV/AIDS Estimates for adults and children-2011

25. Key concepts in vertical transmission Transmission timeline • Transmission can occur during pregnancy, labor & delivery, and postpartum during breast feeding • Not all infants born to women living with HIV will acquire HIV infection • Estimated risk 25-45% without any intervention Source: DeCock et al. JAMA.2000; 283:1175-1182.

27. Incidence* Prevalence Coast 1.7% 8.1% Rift Valley 1.4% 6.3% Nyanza 1.3% 14.9% Nairobi 0.8% 8.8% * Based on assay for recent infection HIV Incidence and Prevalence, KAIS 2007

28. Percent New Infections by Mode of Transmission(Kenya Modes of Transmission Study, 2008)

32. Benefits of preventing mother to child transmission of HIV • AIDS related deaths -reversing the gains made in child health and survival in Kenya. • Caring for HIV-infected children has major economic and social impacts on families and health systems. Thus at the national level, preventing MTCT has the potential to increase the understanding and acceptance of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and those living with HIV/AIDS. • Counseling, testing and community sensitization can contribute to reducing stigma. Reduction of MTCT of HIV: • Decreases numbers of HIV infected children • Increases child health and survival • Decreases the load on the health system • Gives an opportunity to improve and expand health services as well as to strengthen the existing health infrastructure

33. PMTCT Global targets and indicators

34. Prevention of Mother-to-Child TransmissionThe Four-pronged Strategy • Primary prevention of HIV • Prevention of unwanted pregnancies • Prevention of transmission from HIV-infected mother to infant • Appropriate treatment and care

36. MDG’s • MDGs are a framework of 8 goals, 18 targets and 48 indicators to measure progress towards the Millennium Development goals - • Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases • Target 6.A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS • Target 6.B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it • Target 6.C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases

37. Overall Target 1: Reduce the Number of New HIV Infections among children by 90% by 2015 Source: 1. UNAIDS. Together we will end AIDS. 2012 2 . HIV/AIDS Response – Epidemic Update and Health Sector Progress Towards Universal Access 2011

38. Overall Target 2: Reduce the Number of HIV-associated maternal deaths to women during pregnancy, delivery and puerperium by 50% by 2015 Source: UNAIDS. Together we will end AIDS. 2012 Goal -2015

39. Global Plan Targets Source: Countdown to zero: Global Plan towards the elimination of new infections among children by 2015 and keeping their mothers alive 2011-2015

40. Comprehensive MNCH Services

41. Prevention and Treatment Interventions for Adolescents Source: UNICEF Making the Case for Adolescents, unpublished data , 2012

42. Call to Action • Simplify our programmatic approaches to allow integration of PMTCT/ART in maternal child health services at the lowest levels of care – to optimize treatment access, adherence and retention • Introduce innovative approaches to expand provider initiated HIV testing to adolescents, pregnant women and their partners • Expand early infant diagnosis and integrate childhood HIV treatment and care at lower level facilities and child survival programs • Collaborate with community groups, including people living with HIV, to enhance support to women and their families to maintain good adherence and retention in care and treatment • Focus on how to effectively deliver high impact interventions to adolescent to achieve the best prevention and treatment benefits