Memory and recall

1. Memory and recall

2. Question 1 Write down your earliest memory

3. Magical Number 7 (plus or minus 2) • Digit span (Miller, 1956) • While most people can generally hold around seven numbers in mind for a short period, almost everyone finds it difficult to hold ten digits in mind.

4. Listen to the numbers and try to remember as many as you can in sequence

6. 19451066 20011815 1939

7. Mnemonics • Examples?

8. Models of Memory Sensory Register Decay ‘Information Processing Model’: Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)

9. Models of Memory Selective Attention Sensory Register Short Term Memory Decay Displacement

10. Models of Memory Selective Attention Coding Sensory Register Short Term Memory Long Term Memory Decay Displacement Interference

11. Models of Memory Rehearsal Selective Attention Coding Sensory Register Short Term Memory Long Term Memory Decay Displacement Interference

12. Models of Memory Sensory Register Short Term Memory Long Term Memory Echoic (Auditory) Store Iconic (Visual) Store ‘Modal Model’: Sperling and others (1960)

13. In a moment you will see three rows of letters for a split second

14. R G T P D X L W H M Q J

15. And a few more…

16. T P B Z G R K U W S V F

18. Question 2 What is your memory of September 11, 2001? Draw it on sheet of paper

19. What is your memory of September 11, 2001? Draw it on sheet of paper

20. Models of Memory Episodic and Semantic Memory Model

21. Models of Memory Control and Decisions Reasoning Language Comprehension Directing Attention Transferring Information Central Executive Phonological Loop Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad Sensory Register Working Memory Model: Baddeley & Hitch (1972)

22. Models of Memory Central Executive Phonological Loop Episodic Buffer Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad Sensory Register Working Memory Model: Baddeley & Hitch (1972)

23. Memory

24. Models of Memory Long Term Memory (Semantic Memory) • Hierarchically organization of concepts. • Cognitive economy: properties are stored at the most general, or highest level possible. Hierarchical Network Model: Collins & Quillian (1969)

25. Models of Memory Long Term Memory (Semantic Memory) Retrieval (activation) of one of the links lead to partial activation of connected nodes. Degree of activation decreases with the distance. Spreading Activation Model: Collins & Loftus (1975)

26. Episodic and Semantic Memory Theoretical knowledge of a specific moment in time and place Factual knowledge independent of time and place Episodic Memory Semantic Memory Event based Autobiographical Exposed once Meaning based Nomothetic Rehearsed Episodic memory is thought of as being a "one-shot" learning mechanism. You only need one exposure to an episode to remember it. Semantic memory, on the other hand, can take into consideration multiple exposures to each referent - the semantic representation is updated on each exposure.

27. Episodic and Semantic Memory Declarative memory Episodic Memory Semantic Memory Declarative memory is the aspect of human memory that stores facts. It is so called because it refers to memories that can be consciously discussed, or declared.

28. Procedural vs. Declarative Memory Declarative Memory Procedural Memory ‘Knowing that’ Facts based Explicit ‘Knowing how’ Skills based Implicit

29. Models of Memory Showering Getting up in the Morning Schema: A mental structure that represents some aspect of the world. This memory theory views organised knowledge as an elaborate network of abstract mental structures which represent one's understanding of the world. Coffee Hair Teeth Dressing Breakfast Toilet Waking up Alarm Schema Theory: Anderson (1980)

30. How do we forget? • What are your theories on why we forget?

31. Question 3 • How do we create learning environments and opportunities that enable our students to remember better?

32. Remember?